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    Introduction
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    This chapter focuses on the pre-determiners al'all' and heel'all/whole' as shown in the primeless examples of (1). They will be discussed in relation to their “inflected” counterparts alle and hele in the nearly equivalent constructions shown in the primed examples.

    1
    a. Al de boeken zijn verkocht.
      all the books  have.been  sold
      'All books are sold.'
    a'. Alle boeken zijn verkocht.
      all books  have.been  sold
      'All books are sold.'
    b. Ze kletsen heel de dag
      they  chatter  whole the day
      'They chatter all day.'
    b'. Ze kletsen de hele dag.
      they  chatter  the whole day
      'They chatter all day.'

    Before discussing al and heel in detail, we will give a very brief indication of some similarities and differences between these two pre-determiners. The two (and their alternants in the primed examples of (1)) have in common that, in a somewhat extended sense, they act as universal quantifiers. One property of universal quantifiers is that they can be modified by approximative modifiers like bijna'nearly' and vrijwel'virtually'. This is illustrated in (2) for the universal quantifier alles'everything', and the negative existential quantifier niets, which can be also be represented as a universal quantifier followed by negation; cf. the equivalence rule ¬∃x φ ↔ ∀x ¬φ.

    2
    a. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel alles verkocht.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  everything  sold
    b. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel niets verkocht.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  nothing  sold

    The primeless examples in (3) show that the pre-determiners al and heel have the same modification possibilities, and in the primed examples we give similar examples for inflected alle and hele. There are some subtle meaning differences between the two sets of examples. Example (3a), for example, refers to a contextually determined set of books, whereas (3a') may also refer to the set of books in the speakerʼs conception of the universe, that is, to all existing books. Example (3b) refers to the parts that make up a house (living, bedrooms, kitchen, bathroom, attic, etc.), whereas (3b') may also refer to the house as a unit, e.g., the house as seen from the exterior.

    3
    a. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel al de boeken gelezen.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  all the books  read
    a'. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel alle boeken gelezen.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  all books  read
    b. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel heel het huis schoongemaakt.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  whole the house  clean.made
    b'. Jan heeft bijna/vrijwel het hele huis schoongemaakt.
      Jan has  nearly/virtually  the whole house  clean.made

          That al'all' is a universal quantifier is of course also clear from its meaning: in terms of Figure 1 from Section 1.1.2, sub IIA, it indicates that all members in denotation set A of the noun phrase are properly included in denotation set B of the verb phrase, that is, that A - (A ∩ B) = ∅; cf. the discussion in Section 6.2.1.

    Figure 1: Set-theoretic representation of the subject-predicate relation

    The semantics of heel, which will be discussed more extensively in Section 7.2.1, is somewhat different; as was already mentioned, the noun phrase in (3b) refers to the parts that make up the house in question, and the pre-determiner heel indicates that the predicate schoonmaken applies to all parts of this house. Now if we take set A in Figure 1 to refer to the relevant parts of the house, it will be clear that heel also expresses that A - (A ∩ B) = ∅.
          Related to the fact that al and heel quantify over a different kind of set is that the two pre-determiners are generally in complementary distribution, which we will illustrate here for count nouns: since the pre-determiner al quantifies over a set of entities with a cardinality higher than one, the head noun of the noun phrase it quantifies is normally plural; since the pre-determiner heel quantifies over the parts of some entity, the head noun of the noun phrase it modifies is typically singular.

    4
    a. Jan heeft al de koeken/*koek opgegeten.
      Jan has  all the cookies/cookie  prt.-eaten
    b. Jan heeft heel de taart/*taarten opgegeten.
      Jan has  whole the cake/cakes  prt.-eaten

          With the brief discussion above, we have set the stage for the more exhaustive discussion of al and heel in, respectively, Section 7.1 and Section 7.2. We will conclude in Section 7.3 with a brief note on focus particles, which may also occur in pre-determiner position.

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      About this article
      Author(s): Hans Broekhuis, Marcel den Dikken
      Category: Dutch Syntax
      Publication date: 22 November 2023
      Keywords: ModificationPre-determinerQuantifier
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