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11.2.1.Yes/no questions

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Polar (yes/no) questions are prototypical cases of Dutch V1-clauses. Although it is normally the V1-order that occurs in written texts, it is possible in speech to mark a polar question by means of a typical rising intonation; cf. Barbiers (2007:103).

a.	Peter heeft	dat boek	gelezen.	declarative
	Peter has	that book	read
	'Peter has read that book.'

b.	Heeft	Peter dat boek	gelezen?	polar V1-clause
	has	Peter that book	read
	'Has Peter read that book?'

c.	Peter heeft	dat boek	gelezen?	polar V2-clause
	Peter has	that book	read
	'Has Peter read that book?'

Polar V1-questions are normally less marked than polar V2-questions. The primeless examples in (29) are more neutral than the primed examples, which imply a certain expectation on the part of the speaker, or express (lack of) confidence in the truth of the proposition expressed by the clause. In other words, polar V2-questions have a similar function as the tag-questions in the English translations in the primed examples. We will ignore polar V2-clauses in what follows.

a.	Ga	je	toch	naar Amsterdam?
	go	you	prt	to Amsterdam
	'Are you going to Amsterdam after all?'

a'.	Je	gaat	toch	naar Amsterdam?
	you	go	prt	to Amsterdam
	'Youʼre going to Amsterdam after all, arenʼt you?'

b.	Heb	je	dat boek	toch	gelezen?
	have	you	that book	prt	read
	'Have you read that book after all?'

b'.	Je	hebt	dat boek	toch	gelezen?
	you	have	that book	prt	read
	'You have read that book after all, havenʼt you?'

An important question is whether the clause-initial position in polar V1-clauses is truly empty or whether this position is occupied by some phonetically empty polarity operator: [CP OPpolar heeft [TP Peter dat boek gelezen theeft]]? The latter option is argued by Barbiers (2007/2013) on the basis of the left-dislocation examples in (30). The (a)-examples show that in declarative clauses left dislocation is possible with a resumptive pronoun in the middle field or in the clause-initial position. The (b)-examples, on the other hand, show that the resumptive pronoun cannot occur in the clause-initial position in yes/no-questions.

a.	Dat boek,	Peter heeft	het	gelezen.
	that book	Peter has	it	read
	'That book, Peter has read it.'

a'.	Dat boek,	heeft	Peter	het	gelezen?
	that book	has	Peter	it	read
	'That book, has Peter read it?'

b.	Dat boeki,	dat	heeft	Peter ti	gelezen.
	that book	that	has	Peter	read
	'That book, Peter has read that.'

b'.	#	Dat boeki,	dat	heeft	Peter ti	gelezen?
		that book	that	has	Peter	read
		'That book, has Peter read that?'

Assessing this argument is hampered by the fact, indicated by the number sign, that examples such as (30b') are acceptable if pronounced with the intonation contour typical of polar V2-clauses such as (28c), which is somewhat easier to get if we add the modal particle toch; Dat boek, dat heeft Peter toch gelezen? This means that we have the two structures in (31): the polar V1-construction in (31a) does not allow movement of the resumptive pronoun in clause-initial position given that this position is already occupied by the phonetically empty polar operator; the polar V2-construction in (31b) does allow movement.

Given that the grammatical and ungrammatical version of (30b') can only be distinguished on the basis of their intonation contour, it would be desirable if we could provide supplementary, independent evidence for the hypothesis that polar V1-structures have a phonetically empty operator in clause-initial position. Such evidence can be provided by the following constructions with the negative polarity phrase ook maar iets'anything'. Example (32a) shows that such phrases cannot occur in positive declarative clauses: as their name expresses, they typically occur in the context of sentential negation, which is expressed in (32b) by the negation on the subject niemand'nobody'.

a.	*	Jan heeft	ook maar	iets	gelezen.
		Jan has	ook maar	something	read

b.	Niemand	heeft	ook maar	iets	gelezen.
	nobody	has	ook maar	something	read
	'Nobody has read anything.'

It is not the case, however, that negative polarity ook maar-phrases are only licensed by a negative operator: example (33a) shows that they may also occur in polar questions. This can readily be explained if we assume that empty polar operators are also able to license ook maar-phrases. The fact that the corresponding polar V2-clause in (33b) does not allow an ook maar-phrase is consistent with Barbiers' claim that such clauses are declarative and thus do not have an empty polar operator. For completeness' sake, note that negation and the polar operator are just two specific cases of a larger set of so-called affective operators that license negative polarity items; we refer the reader to, e.g., Klima (1964), Progovac (1994) and Haegeman (1995:ch.2) for discussion.

a.	Heeft	Peter ook maar	iets	gelezen?
	has	Peter ook maar	something	read
	'Has Peter read anything?'

b.	*	Peter heeft	ook maar	iets	gelezen?
		Peter has	ook maar	something	read

The discussion above has provided empirical support for the claim that polar V1-clauses have a phonetically empty polar operator in initial position and are thus only apparent exceptions to the claim that clause-initial positions of main clauses must be filled by some syntactic constituent.

References:

Barbiers, Sjef2007On the periphery of imperative and declarative clauses in Dutch and GermanWurff, Wim van der (ed.)Imperative clauses in generative grammar. Studies in honour of Frits BeukemaAmsterdam/PhiladelphiaJohn Benjamins95-112
Barbiers, Sjef2007On the periphery of imperative and declarative clauses in Dutch and GermanWurff, Wim van der (ed.)Imperative clauses in generative grammar. Studies in honour of Frits BeukemaAmsterdam/PhiladelphiaJohn Benjamins95-112
Barbiers, Sjef2013Geography and cartography of the left periphery. The case of Dutch and German imperativesCarrilho, Ernestina, Alverez, Xose & Magro, Catarina (eds.)Current approaches to limits and areas in dialectologyNewcastle upon TyneCambridge Scholars Publishing267-292
Haegeman, Liliane1995The syntax of negationCambridge studies in linguistics 75CambridgeCambridge University Press
Klima, Edward S1964Negation in EnglishFodor, J.A., & Katz, J.J. (eds.)The structure of language. Readings in the philosophy of languageEnglewood Cliffs NJPrentice-Hall
Progovac, Ljiljana1994Negative and positive polarity. A binding approachCambridge (UK)Cambridge University Press

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About this article

Author(s): Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Corver

Category: Dutch Syntax

Keywords: Finite VerbNegative PolarityOperatorPolarityQuestionSecond PositionVerb-firstYes/No-Question

Version: 1.0, January 2016

Version history:

version	editor(s)	date	remarks
1.0	Hans Broekhuis, Norbert Corver	January 2016

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