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- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Short /u/ in word-final position in monomorphemes
quickinfo
In Afrikaans, /u/ is regarded phonemically as a short vowel, despite some phonotactic contexts in which it is phonetically long. The same applies to /i/ and /y/. Apart from /ɛ/, /ɔ/, /œ/ and /y/, all the other short vowels occur freely in open as well as closed syllables in word-final position.
Word-final orthographic o, as in, for example foto /'fo.tu/ ['fuə.tu] photo, is generally pronounced as [u] in Afrikaans, phonemicised as the short vowel phoneme /u/. This is contrary to the situation in Dutch where o in open, final syllables, as in foto /'fo.to/ ['fo.to], is generally considered to be phonemically long (see the topic on the Dutch vowel inventory). In in a few cases in Afrikaans, however, written o in word-final position is realised by a phonetically long [uə], phonemically long /o/. In such instances it is also stressed (Long vowels in monomorphemes).
In all instances of short vowels, the following topics should be taken into account as important background information:
- Concerning the general stress pattern of Afrikaans monomorphemes
- Concerning the criteria for classifying words as monomorphemes
As an orientation with respect to all topics concerning stress placement in Afrikaans monomorphemes, the following reference list should be consulted:
(De Stadler 1981; Combrink and De Stadler 1987; De Stadler 1991; De Villiers 1965; De Villiers and Ponelis 1992; Lee 1963; Le Roux 1936; Le Roux and Pienaar 1927; Lubbe 1993; Wissing 1971; Wissing 1987; Wissing 1988; Wissing 1989; Wissing 1991; Wissing 2017)
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In the following sections, /u/ is treated with respect to its role in the stress pattern of Afrikaans monomorphemic words, both in open as well as closed syllables in word-final position. The generalization to be made is that /u/ is stressed in word-final, closed syllables, while, in the case of word-final open syllable, it is unstressed with the primary stress in the word falling on the penultimate syllable. This is also the case with short /ə/, /ɑ/, /i/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/. Note, however, that /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ only occur in polysyllabic persons' and place names from indigenous languages, see Short ɛ in monomorphemes and Short ɔ in monomorphemes. The Afrikaans phoneme /u/ does occur in a few restricted instances in positions other than word-final, but such examples are not particularly interesting with respect to general stress patterns, as these bisyllablic words all end on unstressable pseudo-suffixes. The following list is just about complete: boetseer; broeder; droesem; koester; oefen; oester; ploeter; soepel; troetel; woeker (Primary stress in monomorphemes ending on Type-I schwa).
In the subsequent sections, we first attend to /u/ in open syllables in word-final position, and then, subsequently, to /u/ in closed ones.
[+]The phoneme /u/ in open syllables
Here /u/ [u] is spelled oe; elsewhere also with o.
Word-final /u/ in open syllables
Table 1: Word-final /u/ in open syllables
| Examples | |
| aloe | kangaroe |
| Boeboe | kariboe |
| boegoe | kikoejoe |
| boendoe | koedoe |
| doedoe | rabbedoe |
| emoe | sjampoe |
| ghoeroe | taboe |
| haikoe | taptoe |
| Hindoe | voedoe |
| joejitsoe | Zoeloe |
| kaketoe |
- Four of these words have have final stress: kaketoe, kangaroe, kariboe, sjampoe; the rest all exhibit penultimate stress; all of them are bisyllabic. The Afrikaans phoneme /u/ may be classified as phonetically long in both the stressed and unstressed cases (see Long vowels in monomorphemes). The example kariboe is classified by (Neijt and Zonneveld 1982) as member of the subgroup of -i- words with antepenult stress.
- Although penultimate stress is a trend in the above data, no definitive support for penultimate stress can be claimed on the basis of these cases.
The subsequent set of monomorphemes ending on o /u/ [u] provides additional backing for the main stress pattern, viz. penultimate stress, irrespective of word length.
Monomorphemes ending on <o>
Table 2: Monomorphemes ending on <o>
| Examples | ||||
| aero | dito | indigo | memo | saldo |
| Afro | ditto | inferno | merino | Salomo |
| albino | dodo | Jerigo | metro | salvo |
| allegro | domino | jingo | Mexiko | silo |
| anno | duo | judo | mezzo | sito |
| Apollo | eggo | kado | mikro | sitosito |
| avokado | ego | Kaïro | moderato | soho |
| bambino | ekspo | kakao | Monaco | solo |
| banjo | embrio | kalipso | mono | sombrero |
| bio | ergo | kambro | motto | Sotho |
| blanko | Eskimo | kano | Nero | Soweto |
| bolero | Euro | Kilimandjaro | netto | stereo |
| Borneo | falsetto | kilo | Oslo | studio |
| bravo | Farao | kimono | Owambo | Swapo |
| bruto | fiasko | kommando | Pablo | tablo |
| buro | Fingo | Kongo | patio | tango |
| casino | flamenco | largo | piano | tempo |
| Castro | folio | lasso | Pinocchio | tjello |
| Chicago | foto | legio | plato | Tokio |
| Colorado | gekko | Leo | Pluto | tornado |
| concerto | Gestapo | Leonardo | polio | Toronto |
| credo | guwano | Lesotho | polo | torpedo |
| crescendo | ghetto | libido | pomelo | torso |
| Cupido | gigolo | libretto | Porto | transito |
| dato | guano | lido | radio | trio |
| deposito | hallo | Limpopo | ratio | tuxedo |
| dinamo | halo | logo | retro | ultimo |
| dingo | hobo | ludo | rio | veto |
| disko | iglo | mango | risiko | video |
| diskonto | imago | rodeo | zero |
- A number of proper names spelled with word-final o are provided here as representative for a fairly large set of similar cases.
- Quite a number of indigenous South African place names and names of people are spelled with final o. These have been incorporated into Afrikaans, mainly from Bantu languages, and are pronounced as either [ɔ] or [u]. Some examples are: Lebombo; Levubo; Limpopo; Madimbo; Makgabo; Shivambo; Sonwabo; Tambo; Thabo. In English this vowel is regularly diphthongised to [əu].
- Limpopo displays variable pronunciation between [u] and [uə].
- In bisyllabic words above, final o is unstressed in most cases. Exceptions are bravo, buro, kambro, kano, tablo. Penultimate stress is thus the default position in the case of bisyllabic monomorphemes.
- Penultimate stress is also present in all the multisyllabic words, except for Borneo, deposito, dinamo, domino, embrio, Eskimo, Farao, gigolo, Jerigo, libido, Pinocchio, risiko, rodeo and ultimo which display antepenultimate stress. Note that the penultimate vowel is mostly /i/ – written as either e (e.g. in Borneo) or /i/ (in /deposito/).
- It is to be expected that some of the o's would be pronounced by individual speakers as not quite [u], but rather as something inbetween [u] and [uə].
[+]The phoneme /u/ in closed syllables
Examples of this type are rather restricted; the lists in this table are more or less complete.
Closed syllables with /u/
Table 3: Closed syllables with /u/
| Examples | ||
| fatsoen | seisoen | voe-voel |
| festoen | sitroen | warboel |
| galjoen | spioen | kaboem |
| garnisoen | visioen | noem-noem |
| griffioen | koekeloer | verdoem |
| kalkoen | pandoer | |
| kampioen | perlemoen | |
| katoen | poer-poer | |
| legioen | retoer | |
| lemoen | rumoer | |
| miljoen | tamboer | |
| pampoen | kaboel | |
| pawiljoen | karakoel | |
| pensioen | spanjoel | |
| perlemoen | vitrioel |
- Final stress dominates in all these cases but warboel, which might be classified as a compound word (war+boel), with normal penultimate stress. The reduplications poer-poer, voel-voel and noem-noem are not normal monomorphemic words; stress placement is not quite clear, and differs from person to person (See Reduplications in Afrikaans).
- It is striking that words ending on n are more numerous than the other three types.
References
- 1987Afrikaanse fonologie.Macmillan
- 1981Die klemkontoere van die simplekse selfstandige naamwoord in Afrikaans: 'n NGF-siening.Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe21285-295,
- 1991Oor die klemtoon van Afrikaanse simplekse: re Wissing.South African Journal of Linguistics = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde941-46,
- 1965Aspekte van woordaksent.
- 1992Afrikaanse klankleer.Tafelberg
- 1936Die uitspraak van Afrikaans.Huisgenoot2031,
- 1927Afrikaanse fonetiek.Juta
- 1963Klem in Afrikaans.Thesis
- 1993Oor die klemtoon van Afrikaanse simplekse: re Wissing én De Stadler.South African Journal of Linguistics = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde118-17,
- 1982Metrische fonologie — de representatie van klem- toon in Nederlandse monomorfematische woordenDe Nieuwe Taalgids75527-547
- 1987Klemtoon en tweesillabige Afrikaanse simplekse: eksperiment.South African Journal of Linguistics = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde5105-139,
- 1989Die klempatrone van Afrikaanse en Nederlandse simplekse: 'n vergelyking.Literator1050-65,
- 1991Is Afrikaans 'n inisiëleklemtoontaal?South African Journal of Linguistics = Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Taalkunde947-57,
- 1971Fonologie en morfologie van die simplekse selfstandige naamwoord in Afrikaans: 'n transformasioneel-generatiewe beskrywing.Thesis
- 1988Die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse verkleiningsisteme: 'n vergelyking in metries-fonologiese kader.Literator962-75,
- 2017FonologieVan Schaik
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