- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
This section deals with the voiceless and voiced word-final sequences of a fricative and a plosive. The majority of the voiced sequences appear to occur in complex (derived) words, which, moreover, are old loanwords from Dutch. This is different for the voiceless sequences, which also occur in native words. This topic provides overviews of both types of sequence.
For the (voiceless) sequences of /s/ + plosive, in either order, see complex segments.
The voiceless word-final sequences of a fricative and a plosive, in that order, are /-ft/ and /-xt/. Examples of words in which they occur are heft /hɛft/ handle, haft, krêft /krɛ:ft/ strength, power(s), force, nicht /nɪxt/ (female) cousin, and lucht /løxt/ air; smell, scent.
The voiced word-final sequences of a fricative and a plosive, in either order, are /-bz/, /-dz/, /-vd/, /-zd/, and /-ɣd/. Some aspects of their distribution are worth mentioning:
- These sequences are mainly restricted to complex (derived) words with a fixed, more or less idiomatic meaning. This does not hold for their voiceless counterparts.
- Most words ending in one of the sequences /-vd/, /-zd/, or /-ɣd/ are loanwords from Dutch. This is not the case with the voiceless counterparts /-ft/, /-st/, and /-xt/.
- The sequences /bz-/, /dz-/, /vd-/, /zd-/, and /ɣd-/ do not occur in word-initial position, nor do their mirror images /zb-/, /zd-/, /dv-/, /dz-/ and /dɣ-/. The voiced fricatives /z/ and /ɣ/ are not allowed word-initially (see the obstruents: the fricatives). In line with the Resolvability Constraint (see onset: sequences of more than two consonants), this also holds of the sequences /bz-/, /dz-/, /zd-/, /ɣd-/, /zb-/, /zd-/, /dz-/, and /dɣ-/. Since /v/ is allowed word-initially (see the obstruents: the fricatives), which also holds of /d-/, both /dv-/ and /vd-/ should be possible word-initial sequences as well, but this is contrary to fact. Their voiceless counterparts, /tf-/ and /ft-/, are not possible word-initial sequences either; this links up with the impossibility of word-initial /dv-/ and /vd-/, which does not count as an independent explanation. On the other hand, the voiceless counterparts of /-bz/, /-dz/, and /-zd/ ‒ viz. /ps-/, /ts-/, and /st-/ ‒ do occur in word-initial position (as complex segments). All in all, voiced obstruent sequences have a far better place in word-final than in word-initial position.
| Words ending in /-ɣd/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| deugd | /dø:ɣd/ | virtue; quality, excellence | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| drompelmaagd | /drompəl#ma:ɣd/ | (female) sponger, scrounger | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| foogd | /fo:ɣd/ | guardian; custodian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| freugde | /frø:ɣdə/ | joy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jeugd | /jø:ɣd/ | youth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| smaragd | /smaraɣd/ | emerald | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnbebûgd | /[un[[bə+bu:ɣ]d]]/ | uninflected; straight | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûndoogd | /un+do:ɣd/ | post-partum discharge (of a cow) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The word foogd is an interference from Dutch; the same holds for the part maagd of the compound drompelmaagd. Most Frisian words with <eu> ( /ø:/) are loanwords from Dutch; deugd, jeugd, and freugde, however, have been wholly integrated into the Frisian lexicon. The words ûnbebûgd and ûndoogd are complex (derived) words, as indicated. The sequence /-ɣd/ frequently occurs in the past participle of verbs (of the first weak and strong/irregular class) with a stem ending in /-ɣ/, like (hy hat) liigd /li:ɣ+d/ (he has) lied and (it hat hjir) siigd /si:ɣ+d/ it has been draughty here (see past participle). In word-final position, /-ɣd/ is realized as [-xt] (see final devoicing: obstruent clusters).
| Words ending in -/zd/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| betiisd | /[[bə+ti:z]+d]/ | confused, muddled | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blêsd | /blɛ:z+d/ | with a blaze | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferbaasd | /[[fər+ba:z]d]/ | astonished, amazed; extraordinarily | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferbuisd | /[[fər+bʌɥz]d]/ | wearied, worn out | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferdwaasd | /[[fər+dwa:z]d]/ | foolish; groggy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferrûsd | /[[fər+ru:z]d]/ | foolish; groggy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferweesd | /[[fər+ve:z]d]/ | dazed, dumbfounded | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| seisd | /sajz+d/ | sixthly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnbesûsd | /[un[[bə+su:z]d]]/ | rash, impetuous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnferpoasd | /[un[[fər+poəz]d]]/ | continuous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
With the exception of seisd, these are all past participles, whether or not preceded by the negative prefix ûn- ( /un-/) (see ûn-), derived from a prefixed verb. Some are only formal (pseudo-)participles, since there is no synchronic (complex) verb from which they can be derived (ferweesd, ferbuisd, ferrûsd, ûnbesûsd). The sequence /-zd/ frequently shows up in the past participle of verbs (of the first weak and strong/irregular class) with a stem ending in /-z/, like (hy hat) raasd /ra:z+d/ (he has) shouted, yelled and (hy hat) wiisd /vi:z+d/ (he has) pointed, shown (see past participle). In word-final position, /-zd/ is realized as [-st] (see final devoicing: obstruent clusters).
| Words ending in -/vd/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bedroefd | /[[bə+dru:v]d]/ | sad, sorrowful | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| begaafd | /[[bə+ɡa:v]d]/ | gifted, talented | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beleefd | /[[bə+le:v]d]/ | polite | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| beskaafd | /[[bə+ska:v]d]/ | cultured; civilised | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eigenerfd | /ajɣən#ɛrv+d/ | having his own (lit.: inherited) farm | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| eigenweefd | /ajɣən#ve:v+d/ | woven by oneself | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferkleefd | /[[fər+kle:v]d]/ | stuck together | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferleafd | /[[fər+lɪəv]d]/ | in love (with), amorous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferloofd | /[[fər+lo:v]d]/ | engaged (to) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ferskaafd | /[[fər+ska:v]d]/ | worn out through chafing, grating | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hoofd | /ho:vd/ | head, chief | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Except for hoofd, which is an unmistakable loanword from Dutch, these are also (pseudo-)past participles. The cluster /-vd/ is frequently found in the past participle of verbs (of the first weak and strong/irregular class) with a stem ending in /-v/, like (it hat) kleefd /kle:v+d/ (it has) stuck, (it) has been sticky and (hy hat) gnúfd /ɡny:v+d/ (he has) leered, peeked; nosed (about) (see past participle). In word-final position, /-vd/ is realized as [-ft] (see final devoicing: obstruent clusters).
Whereas the great majority of the words ending in /-ɣd/, /-zd/, and /-vd/ are loanwords from Dutch, words ending in /-dz/ and /-bz/ are simplex words, which belong to the native part of the lexicon. They will now be treated in turn.
| Words ending in -/dzə/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| glodze | /ɡlodzə/ | trench | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gludze | /ɡlødzə/ | trench | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gnodze | /ɡnodzə/ | club, bludgeon; gnarl, knur(r) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| knodze | /knodzə/ | gnarl, knur(r) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ludze | /lødzə/ | loop; tress | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| trudze | /trødzə/ | glanders, strangles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| widze | /vɪdzə/ | cradle | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| wu(r)dze | /vødzə/ | windrow (of hay) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Since all these words end in schwa, /-dz-/ is in intervocalic position, where it is realized as voiced. The word ludze has the variant luts, with word-final voiceless /-ts/ (see final devoicing: obstruent clusters). Also in the diminutive of widze, i.e. widske little cradle, /-dz-/ ends up as voiceless: [vɪtskə]; this is the normal pattern for diminutives standing next to nouns with a voiced final obstruent or obstruent sequence (see the phonological domain of final devoicing).
| Words ending in /-bz/ or /-dz/ | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blabze/blabs | /blabz(ə)/ | ooze, sludge | ; cf. | blabber | /blabər/ | ooze, sludge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| blibze | /blɪbzə/ | lower lip (of horse) | ; cf. | blib/blibbe | /blɪb(ə)/ | lower lip (of horse) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| brodze | /brodzə/ | heap of pulpy excrements | ; cf. | brod | /brod/ | brood | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dodze | /dodzə/ | doze, drowse | ; cf. | dod/dodde | /dod(ə)/ | doze, drowse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| drabze | drabs | /drabz(ə)/ | ooze, sludge | ; cf. Dutch | drab | /drɑb/ | dregs; ooze | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dribze | dribs | /drɪbz(ə)/ | ooze, sludge | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dridze | /drɪdzə/ | ooze, sludge | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| drits | /drɪts/ | ooze, sludge | ; cf. | drit(e) | /drit/ | to crap, to shit | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fladze | flads | /fladz(ə)/ | gush; cunt, twat | ; cf. | fladder(je) | /fladər/ | to flutter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| flodze | flods | /flodz(ə)/ | cunt, twat | ; cf. | flodder(je) | /flodər/ | to flap, to flop | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fodze | fods | /fodz(ə)/ | cunt, twat | ; cf. | fod/fodde | /fod(ə)/ | rag, tatter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fotse | fots | /fots(ə)/ | cunt, twat | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kwabze | /kwabzə/ | dollop, blob | ; cf. | kwab/kwabbe | /kwab(ə)/ | flab, jowl | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pudze | puds | /pødz(ə)/ | (long, empty) foreskin of the genital organs of a stallion | ; cf. | pûde | /pudə/ | bag, sack | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| slodze | /slodzə/ | trench | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sodze | /sodzə/ | swampy, marshy plot of land | ; cf. | sodde | /sodə/ | trench | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Diachronically, these words have been derived with the suffix -z(e) ( /-z(ə)/) from a stem ending in /-{b/d}/. The meaning characteristics they have in common point to a derivation with one and the same suffix. They denote a weak (watery) substance, a (weak) fold of the skin, or a trench (the bottom of which is covered with or consists of sludge).
Due to the uncommon and unfamiliar consonant sequencesclusters /-bz-/ and /-dz-/, the above words have an onomatopoeic character, however difficult to define.
After attaching the suffix -z(e) ( /-z(ə)/) to the verbal stem drit(e) /drit/ to crap, to shit, suffixal /z/ has assimilated to stem-final /-t/ or the other way around, which led to two derivatives, viz. drits /drɪts/ and drids /drɪdz/. The former is the basis of the verb drits(e) to crap, to shit (see also bedrits(e) /bə+drɪts/ to shit over and skieppedrits(e) /skjɪp+ə#drɪts/ to milk the sheep), whereas both occur in the derived adjectives dritsich /drɪts+əɣ/ and dridzich /drɪdz+əɣ/ oozy, sludgy.
In the same way that fots derives from fods, the form smots /smots/ pulp; applesauce is likely to have derived from smodz /smod+z/, witness forms like smodz(je) to become a muddy mess, smodzich /smodz+əɣ/ pulpy, smodzeboel /smodzə#buəl/ muddy mess, besmodz(je) /bə+smodz/ to soil, to dirty; to besmirch. Compare English smut and German Schmutz and schmutzig.
