
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Three postural verbs, sit to sit, lê to lie and staan to stand, and a verb of motion, loop to go, walk,
a. | Karen sit en werk aan haar verhandeling. | ||||||||||||||
Karen sit.LINK and work.INF on her dissertation | |||||||||||||||
Karen sits working on her dissertation. |
b. | Die Opposisie staan en praat nou mos onsin. | ||||||||||||||
the Opposition stand.LINK and talk.INF now surely nonsense | |||||||||||||||
The Opposition is talking pure nonsense now. |
The fact that a postural construction, as in (2a), and a progressive construction, as in (2b), do not combine well, cf. (2c), is an indication that the former has a durative value in itself:
a. | Sy sit en werk. | ||||||||||||||
she sit.LINK and work.INF | |||||||||||||||
She is sitting working. |
b. | Sy is aan die werk. | ||||||||||||||
she is on the work.NMLZ | |||||||||||||||
She is busy working. |
c. | *Sy is aan die sit en werk. | ||||||||||||||
she is on the sit.LINK and work.INF | |||||||||||||||
To mean: She is busy working. |
The V-en-V construction is related to coordinate constructions with en as coordinator, from which it is sometimes indistinguishable, as in:
By die ontvangs staan hulle rond en drankies drink. |
at the reception stand.LINK they around and drinks drink.INF |
At the reception they stand around drinking drinks. |
In the perfect tense the postural/motion verb is often marked as a past participle through the addition of the prefix ge-:
Die kinders het (ge)loop en liedjies sing. |
the children have.AUX walk.LINK and songs.DIM sing.INF |
The children sang songs while walking. |
As an uninterrupted complex the V-en-V construction is used in various positions in the clausal sequence, e.g. as first or second constituent or clause-finally:
a. | Sit en doen julle nog sulke mooi weefwerk? | ||||||||||||||
sit.LINK and do.INF you.2PL still such beautiful weave.work | |||||||||||||||
Do you still sit doing such beautiful weaving? |
b. | Hy het sy sleutels staan en verloor. | ||||||||||||||
he have.AUX his keys stand.LINK and lose.INF | |||||||||||||||
He went and lost his keys. |
When the complex is permeated by other constituents, such as a subject/object or an adverbial, their position relative to members of the construction is determined by whether the postural/motion verb is positioned in the verb first or second position (V1/2) or not. If in V1/2, various constituents, such as the subject or adverbials, may be inserted between the postural/motion verb and en, but only generic nominals or verbal particles betweenen and the main verb:
Môre loop hulle weer en krygsliedere sing. |
tomorrow walk.LINK they again and battle songs sing.INF |
Tomorrow they will be walking about again singing battle songs. |
If the postural/motion verb is not in V1/2 then all permeations are between en and the main verb, and none between the postural/motion verb and en:
Hulle sê dat hy staan en groot visse vang. |
they say that.COMP he stand..LINK and big fish.PL catch.INF |
They say that he is busy catching big fish. |
Verbal particles are positioned before the main verb as in (8a) or may be stranded clause-finally when the postural/motion verb is in V1/2, as in (8b):
a. | Die duiwe loop die pitte en oppik. | ||||||||||||||
the doves walk.LINK the pips and up.peck.INF | |||||||||||||||
The doves walk about pecking up the pips. |
b. | Die duiwe loop en pik die pitte op. | ||||||||||||||
the doves walk.LINK and peck.INF the pips up | |||||||||||||||
The doves walk about pecking up the pips. |
Three verbs referring to the posture or position of the subject of a clause, namely sit to sit, lê to lie and staan to stand, and a verb of motion, loop to walk, which can function as main verbs in their own right, are linked in a process of auxiliation to the main verb in that they share a subject with the main verb and consistently precede the main verb. They have also undergone semantic bleaching allowing them to strengthen the durative or progressive aspect of the clause as a whole rather than describing specific postures.
The evolution of postural verbs from a locative function to a construction indicating that the subject is in the process of performing a certain action is described by Breed and Brisard(2015). Broekhuis et al. (2015) suggest that the bleaching of the postural verb in the course of its becoming aspectual may be related to the fact that the action in question is not always visible to the speaker, e.g.
Sy loop al heeldag en tob oor die probleem. |
she walk.LINK already all.day and worry.INF about the problem |
She has been walking about worrying all day about the problem. |
The postural verb which is selected is usually appropriate to the type of action expressed by the main verb (e.g. sit en eet sitting and eating), unless the speaker intends to express a deviation from the normal practice (e.g. lê en eet lying and eating), as in (10a), or a metaphorical expression is used, as in (10b):
a. | In Klassieke tye het mense gelê en eet. | ||||||||||||||
in Classical times have.AUX people lie.LINK and eat.INF | |||||||||||||||
In Classical times people lay eating. |
b. | Want netnou se groot braai lê mos nou hoeka en loer vir jou | ||||||||||||||
because.CNJ soon POSS big barbecue lie.LINK surely now all.along and peep.INF for you | |||||||||||||||
Because surely the big barbecue coming up soon is lying in waiting for you. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
These verbs are also employed to express emotive connotations, somewhat derogatory in some instances, e.g.
a. | Hy wil mos net heeldag staan en 'n mens rondorder. | ||||||||||||||
he want.to.AUX.MOD surely only all.day stand.LINK and a person around.order.INF | |||||||||||||||
He of course keeps trying to order one around all day. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
b. | Wil jy nou jou bed op 'n ander plek staan en koop? | ||||||||||||||
want.to.AUX.MOD you.2SG now your bed at an other place stand.LINK and buy.INF | |||||||||||||||
Do you actually intend to buy your bed somewhere else? | |||||||||||||||
Ad on RSG, 2012/8/11 |
According to Van Schoor (1983:173) the V-en-V construction (“verbale hendiadis”) always has an unfavourable implication or emotive value.
Since postural/motion verbs, as in (12a), express durative aspect they do not combine well with progressive constructions, or seem tautological, as in (12c) and (12d):
a. | Die gesin sit en eet. | ||||||||||||||
the family sit.LINK and eat.INF | |||||||||||||||
The family is sitting and eating. |
b. | Die gesin is besig om te eet / aan die eet. | ||||||||||||||
the family is busy for.COMP PTCL.INF eat.INF / at the eat.NMLZ | |||||||||||||||
The family is busy eating. |
c. | ?Die gesin is besig om te sit en eet. | ||||||||||||||
the family is busy for.COMP PTCL.INF sit.LINK and eat.INF | |||||||||||||||
The family is busy sitting and eating. |
d. | *Die gesin is aan die sit en eet. | ||||||||||||||
the family is at the sit.and.eat.NMLZ | |||||||||||||||
To mean: The family is busy sitting and eating. |
The four postural/motion verbs partake in a construction characterised by the coordinatoren, which according to Ponelis (1979:241) has become a construction specific particle. Though modern Dutch uses the infinitival particle te in a corresponding construction, the usage of en in this function is attested in earlier Dutch. While en is omitted by some speakers in the case of sit to sit, lê to lie and staan to stand, e.g. sit eet instead of sit en eet, loop en eet to eat while walking should be distinguished from a slightly derogatory loop eet without en, meaning ‘go to eat’, cf. the accusing tone of the following:
Jy moenie so loop en wegraak nie, ou dromer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
you.2SG must.not.AUX.MOD so walk.LINK and lost.get.INF PTCL.NEG old dreamer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
You mustn't just get lost like that, old dreamer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TK, adapted |
The usage of loop plus verb without en is described elsewhere and is functionally different from the V-en-V construction described here.
V-en-V constructions are not only related to coordinated en constructions, but sometimes indistinguishable from them. Thus while (14a) and (14b) are fully-fledged co-ordinated constructions where postures are described rather than durative aspect expressed, the verbs sit and staan in (14ai) and (14bi) mainly express durative aspect:
a. | Hy sal daar voor die winkels sit en met die mense gesels wat verbykom. |
he will.AUX.MOD there in.front.of the shops sit.LINK and with the people chat who.REL past.come.INF | |
He would sit there in front of the shops and chat with the people who pass by. | |
TK, adapted |
a.' | Hy sit en gesels met die mense wat verbykom. |
he sit.LINK and chat.INF with the people who.REL past.come | |
He sits and chats with the people who pass by. |
b. | Jakadas staan regop en swaai sy arms. |
Jakadas stand.LINK upright and wave.INF his arms | |
Jakadas stands upright and waves his arms. | |
TK |
b.' | Jakadas staan en swaai sy arms. |
Jakadas stand.LINK and wave.INF his arms | |
Jakadas stands waving his arms. |
Van Schoor (1983:173) describes the first member of the construction, i.e. the postural verb, as used in the perfect, as a past participle: Ek het gesit en slaap I sat sleeping.. A limited search in the Taalkommissiekorpus indicated that the numbers of the entire set of postural verbs in perfect constructions with and without ge are roughly equal, e.g., with and without prefix:
a. | so ver sy geloop en moed soek het om huis toe te bel | ||||||||||||||
as far she walk.PST.PTCP and courage seek.INF have.AUX for.COMP home to.POSTP PTCL.INF phone.INF | |||||||||||||||
as far as she walked plucking up courage to phone home | |||||||||||||||
TK |
b. | Hy het by homself loop en planne maak. | ||||||||||||||
he have.AUX by himself walk.LINK and plans make.INF | |||||||||||||||
He made plans by himself while walking. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
The V-en-V complex occurs without interruption in various positions in the clause without stranding of the main verb, e.g. in verb-second position (16a), in verb-first position (16b), clause-finally (16c), and as full infinitive in (16d).
a. | Heeldag sit en lees sy die koerant. | ||||||||||||||
all.day sit.LINK and read.INF she the paper | |||||||||||||||
She sits reading the paper all day long. |
b. | Sit en lees sy heeldag die koerant? | ||||||||||||||
sit.LINK and read.INF she all.day the paper | |||||||||||||||
Does she sit reading the paper all day long? |
c. | Sy het heeldag die koerant (ge)sit en lees. | ||||||||||||||
she have.AUX all.day the paper sit.LINK and read.INF | |||||||||||||||
She sat reading the paper all day long. |
d. | Wat besiel die knaap om my taal so te staan en verkrag? | ||||||||||||||
what possess the guy for.COMP my language so PTCL.INF stand.LINK and violate.INF | |||||||||||||||
What has possessed the guy to violate my language in such a way? | |||||||||||||||
TK |
While the postural/motion verb always precedes the main verb, the placement of en vis-à-vis either of them is dependent on whether the postural/motion verb is situated in V2/1 or not.
When the postural/motion verb is in V2/1, various kinds of constituents may be inserted between it and en, cf.:
a. | Die kinders sit grootoog daarna en kyk. | ||||||||||||||
the children sit.LINK wide.eye PN.at and look.INF | |||||||||||||||
The children sit wide-eyed looking at it. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
b. | Die kolonel staan langs die projektor sy onderlip en byt. | ||||||||||||||
the colonel stand.LINK next.to the projector his lower.lip and bite.INF | |||||||||||||||
The colonel stands next to the projector biting his lower lip. | |||||||||||||||
H.Kalmer: Vlieger, 2012, 61 |
c. | Lê jy snags en staar die duister in? | ||||||||||||||
lie.LINK you.2SG at.night and stare.INF the darkness in.POSTP | |||||||||||||||
Do you lie staring into the darkness at night? | |||||||||||||||
TK |
d. | By 'n reuseswembad sit 'n donker man en speel op 'n sitar. | ||||||||||||||
at a giant.swimming.pool sit.LINK a dark man and play.INF on a sitar | |||||||||||||||
At a giant swimming pool a dark man sits playing on a sitar. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
e. | Daar staan ons hele gesin Pa en tant Grietjie en inwag. | ||||||||||||||
there stand.LINK our whole family Dad en Aunt Grietjie and await.INF | |||||||||||||||
There our whole family stands awaiting Dad and Aunt Grietjie. | |||||||||||||||
TK |
The position between en and the main verb is restricted to generic NPs and verbal particles:
a. | Sy staan en koesisters bak. | ||||||||||||||
she stand.LINK and koesisters bake.INF | |||||||||||||||
She stands baking koesisters. |
b. | *Sy staan en 'n/die koesister bak. | ||||||||||||||
she stand.LINK and a/the koesister bake.INF | |||||||||||||||
To mean: She stands baking a/the koesister. |
c. | Hulle sit die briewe <*toe> en <toe>vou. | ||||||||||||||
they sit.LINK the letters <up> and <up> fold.INF | |||||||||||||||
They sit folding up the letters. |
When the postural/motion verb itself is not in V2/1 and the V-en-V complex is permeated, the interruption is usually between en and the main verb:
Ma kan nie hier lê en grappies maak nie. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mom can.AUX.MOD not here lie.LINK and jokes make.INF PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mom can't lie here and make jokes. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TK |
In the following main clause, however, the insertion of the rest of the expression follows rather than precedes the main verb:
Hy hoop nou nie die klong loop staan en raak die kluts kwyt nie. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
he hope now not the boy walk.LINK stand.LINK and get.INF the marbles lost PTCP.NEG | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
He hopes the boy isn't going to lose his marbles now. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
K.Brynard: Vaders, 2012, 62, adapted |
In subordinate clauses insertion usually occurs between en and the main verb:
a. | Hulle kry niks gedoen nie omdat hulle sit en speletjies speel. | ||||||||||||||
they get.PRS nothing do.PST.PTCP PTCL.NEG because.CNJ they sit.LINK and game.DIM.PL play.INF | |||||||||||||||
They don't get anything done because they are playing games all the time. |
b. | die perd wat oor die werf loop en aan die graspolle pluk | ||||||||||||||
the horse that.REL across the yard walk.LINK and on the grass.tufts pluck.INF | |||||||||||||||
the horse walking across the yard plucking at tufts of grass | |||||||||||||||
TK, adapted |
c. | toe hy die middag in die winkeldeur staan en oor die baai uitkyk | ||||||||||||||
when.CNJ he the afternoon in the shop.door stand.LINK and across the bay out.look.INF | |||||||||||||||
when he stood in the shop's door that afternoon looking out across the bay | |||||||||||||||
TK |
In nominalisations insertions are also made between en and the main verb, e.g.
a. | Die geloop en blomme kyk, is nogal vermoeiend. | ||||||||||||||
the walking.NMLZ and flowers.view.NMLZ is rather tiring | |||||||||||||||
Looking at flowers while walking about is rather tiring. |
b. | seker van lank in die bakkie sit en vir iets wag | ||||||||||||||
perhaps from long in the boat sit.LINK and for something wait.INF | |||||||||||||||
perhaps from sitting in the boat for a long time waiting for something | |||||||||||||||
TK |
A verbal particle also precedes the main verb:
Hessie het die man staan en agterna kyk | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hessie have.AUX the man stand.LINK and after gaze.INF | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hessie stood gazing after the man | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
TK, adapted |
- Breed, A. & Brisard, F2015Postulêre werkwoorde as progressiewe merkers in Afrikaans en Nederlands.Internationale Neerlandistiek533-28
- Broekhuis, Hans, Corver, Norbert & Vos, Riet2015Syntax of Dutch. Verbs and verb phrasesComprehensive grammar resourcesAmsterdam University Press
- Ponelis, F.A1979Afrikaanse sintaksis.Van Schaik
- Van Schoor, J.L1983Die grammatika van standaard-Afrikaans.Lex Patria
- Van Schoor, J.L1983Die grammatika van standaard-Afrikaans.Lex Patria
