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    Attribution of APs
    quickinfo

    • An attribution involves an adjective phrase (AP) that is attributed of a noun (N), and usually precedes the noun, as in this example:
      1
      'n rooi sonsondergang
      a red sunset
    • The adjective will inflect or not, depending on the phonological shape of the word.

      Polysyllabic stems:

      Polysyllabic stems, as in the example of arrogant below, normally inflect before all nouns.

      2
      a. Die vent is arrogant.
      the bloke be.PRS arrogant
      The bloke is arrogant.
      b. 'n arrogant·e vent
      an arrogant·ATTR bloke
      an arrogant bloke
      Exceptions to this rule are adjectives ending in -er or -e, which normally do not receive the inflecting suffix (or a further suffix) -e :
      3
      haar suiwer stem
      her pure voice
      4
      die beskeie man
      the modest man

      Monosyllabic stems:

      Monosyllabic adjectives (and compound adjectives that end in a monosyllabic stem) may or may not inflect, depending on the auslaut of the stem.

      For instance, if the adjective ends in a sonorant, such as /n/, /m/, /l/ or /r/, plus /d/, inflection is mandatory, as in this example:

      5
      groot rond·e kase
      large round·ATTR cheeses
      large round cheeses
      A second environment which induces inflection is a vowel (high or long), such as /u/ or /a:/, followed by /x/.

      When the schwa is added, a sound change takes place, in that the /x/ is deleted between the two vowels. Such intervocalic elision occurs, for example, when the adjective moeg tired is used attributively, and is inflected:

      6
      a. Die reisigers is moeg.
      The travellers are tired.
      b. moe·ë reisigers (< moeg·e)
      tired·ATTR travellers
      tired travellers

      Note that after the delection of the intervocalic letter g (i.e. the sound /x/), the letter e (i.e. the schwa) which now starts a new syllable, is written with a diaeresis, as ë, to indicate the start of the syllable, as is shown by the example above.

      In the case of closed syllables which are written with a double vowel, such as vaag vague, the deletion of /x/ results in an open syllable, and the vowel is represented by a single lettter, as in this example:

      7
      a. Die beeld is vaag.
      The image is vague.
      b. va·e beelde (< vaag·e)
      vague·ATTR images
      vague images

      The two factors mentioned above often combine, so that the orthographic result of /x/ deletion and a consequent open syllable has to be reflected, as in this example:

      8
      a. My lippe is droog.
      My lips are dry.
      b. dro·ë lippe (< droog·e)
      dry·ATTR lips
      dry lips

      A number of monosyllabic adjectives ending in /d/ also undergo intervocalic consonant deletion, with the same orthographic result, as in

      9
      a. Sy invloed strek wyd.
      his influence stretches wide
      His influence extends far.
      b. Hy het 'n wy·e invloed. (< wyd·e)
      he has a wide·ATTR influence
      He has a wide influence.
    • A noun may be omitted following an adjective and other prenominal elements. Such so-called noun ellipsis may result in the transfer of noun-like qualities to the relevant adjectives, so that nominalisation can be said to have occurred. Compare the sentences below:
      10
      a. 'n blou vlag en 'n geel vlag
      a blue flag and a yellow flag
      b. 'n blou vlag en 'n gel·e (< geel·e)
      a blue flag and a yellow·NMLZ
      a blue flag and a yellow one
      c. Die gel·e is goedkoper as die blou·e. (< geel·e)
      the yellow·NMLZ is cheaper than the blue·NMLZ
      The yellow one is cheaper than the blue one.
    • The attributive construction may contain a list of several APs. Such a stacking construction differs from coordination, and it exhibits characteristic orderings among the adjectives involved, depending on their morphonological or semantic type Emphatic inflection and semantic distinction. This is exemplified below:
      11
      die smaaklik·e kou·e rou vis (< koud·e)
      the tasty·ATTR cold·ATTR raw fish
      the tasty cold raw fish

    readmore

    The use of attributive adjective inflection was unmarked in incipient Afrikaans during the 18th and 19th centuries, and based on (however, not consistently) the gender-based inflection of adjectives before masculine and feminine nouns in Dutch. In time, the system of inflection shifted to the phonological structure of the adjective itself. Raidt (1983) provides a well-structured framework to categorise the various environments determining attributive inflection. (Raidt, E.H. 1983)

    Inflection of attributive adjectives – polysyllabic stems

    The general rule is that the attributive formant -e is suffixed to polysyllabic adjectives, more specifically adjectives containing a grammatical morpheme. Some examples:

    12
    'n verstaanbar·e vraag (< verstaanbaar·e)
    an understandable·ATTR question
    an understandable question
    13
    heerlik·e kos
    delicious·ATTR food
    delicious food
    14
    vinnig·e motors
    fast·ATTR cars
    fast cars

    Exceptions are those already ending in -e, such as eie own in the example below.

    15
    a. Die keuse is my eie.
    the choice be.PRS my own
    The choice is my own.
    b. Dit is my eie keuse.
    it be.PRS my own choice
    It is my own choice.

    Adjectives ending in -er whether it forms part of the stem or represents a grammatical morpheme (such as the comparative suffix), do not, by default, inflect (whether is it a grammatical morpheme or not), as illustrated by the examples below:

    16
    Ostrander studente
    clever students
    17
    'n lekker gesprek
    a pleasant conversation
    18
    ou·er vroue (< oud·er)
    old·CMPR women
    older women

    There are some exceptions to the -er rule, where forms with -er have the status of collocations as part of fixed (inherited from 17th century Dutch) expressions, and are inflected, as in:

    19
    'n verder·e vraag
    a far·CMPR.ATTR question
    a further question
    20
    by nader·e ondersoek
    at close·CMPR.ATTR investigation
    on closer investigation

    In addition, adjectival compounds based on an uninflectable monosyllabic stem do not inflect, for example an intensive form such as 'n spierwit landskap a muscle.white landscape a snow-white landscape, or a compound of two lexical morphemes, such as goedkoop groente good.buy vegetables cheap vegetables But note that adjectives ending in -er ,

    Various exceptions to the default apply to both polysyllabic (as above) and monosyllabic stems. Those applicable to monosyllabic stems are discussed under the heading where the relevant phonological process is categorised.

    Monosyllabic stems

    While it is extremely difficult to make provision for all possible phonological forms, certain regularities regarding monosyllabic adjective stems can be identified. Monosyllabic adjective stems receive the attributive formant -e, inter alia, in the following cases:

    • If the stem ends in a consonant cluster which consists of a sonorant plus /d/ (-md, -nd, -ld and -rd )

    21
    'n vreemd·e geluid
    a strange·ATTR sound
    a strange sound
    22
    'n wild·e jaagtog
    a wild·ATTR chase
    a wild chase
    • If the stem ends in a vowel plus /x/
    23
    la·e klanke (< laag·e)
    vague·ATTR promises
    low tones
    24
    dro·ë bestanddele (< droog·e)
    dry·ATTR ingredients
    dry ingredients
    25
    moe·ë reisigers (< moeg·e)
    tired·ATTR travellers
    tired travellers
    26
    rui·e wenkbroue (< ruig·e)
    bushy·ATTR eyebrows
    bushy eyebrows

    Note that the intervocalic deletion of /x/ can bring about spelling changes, as illustrated in some examples above.

    • After a long or high vowel (or diphthong) plus /d/
    27
    wred·e aanvallers (< wreed·e)
    cruel·ATTR attackers
    cruel attackers

    While this group is relatively restricted, some adjectives ending in /d/ under similar phonological (and orthographic) changes as in the case of invertocalic /x/ deletion, undergo intervocalic /d/ deletion, causing the concomitant spelling changes, as discussed above. Orthographically, an important difference is that (except for breed broad, of which the attributive form is breë (<breed·e)), the schwa is never represented by means of a diaeresis ( ë) in the case of /d/ deletion. Adjective stems ending in -d include also dood dead, goed good, goud golden, koud cold and wyd wide.

    28
    'n wy·e verskeidenheid (< wyd·e)
    a wide·ATTR variety
    a large assortment
    29
    kou·e water (< koud·e)
    cold·ATTR water
    cold water

    Note that, phonologically, /d/ elision causes glide insertion, leading to forms such as [vəijə] and [kəuwə].

    30
    'n gou·e medalje (< goud·e)
    a gold·ATTR medal
    a gold medal
    31
    'n dooi·e perd (< dood·e)
    a dead·ATTR horse
    a dead horse

    An example of an exception is oud old, of which the attributive form is ou, as in die Ou Testament the Old Testament, where /d/ deletion does take place, but no inflection. This is one of a few cases where the distinction between the attributive and predicate/adverbial forms are marked in a different way than by means of the schwa suffix. Two examples in this regard are jonk young and lank long, of which the attributive forms are jong, as in 'n jong meisie a young girl, and lang, as in 'n lang reis a long journey, respectively.

    Returning to intervocalic /d/ deletion: Also note that inflection without /d/ deletion does occur in the case of some adjective stems containing a short vowel such as glad smooth, but that the vowel quality is retained by doubling the consonant in the spelling:

    32
    gladd·e bande (< glad·e)
    smooth·ATTR tyres
    smooth tyres

    Other verb stems with short vowels and different auslaut consonants are facultative, and may or not inflect, as in the case of dor arid and fel severe, as in the following examples:

    33
    'n dor/dorr·e landskap
    an arid/arid·ATTR landscape
    an arid landscape
    34
    fel/fell·e kritiek
    severe/severe·ATTR criticism
    severe criticism
    • If the stem ends in a vowel plus /f/

    Note that intervocalic voicing of /f/ occurs in all cases, as well as consonant doubling in the spelling where the quality of short vowels has to be maintained.

    35
    'n doww·e pyn (< dof·e)
    a dull·ATTR pain
    a dull pain
    BUT
    36
    Die waarskuwing was nie om dow·e neute nie. (< doof·e)
    the warning was not about deaf·ATTR nuts
    The warning was not for nothing.
    37
    styw·e spiere (< styf·e)
    stiff·ATTR muscles
    stiff muscles
    • If the stem ends in a voiceless obstruent plus underlying /t/

    Diachronically, the deletion of /t/ in syllable-final consonant clusters can be said to have taken place during the evolution of Afrikaans from 17th century Dutch; however, the /t/ reappears when the syllable structure is altered as a result of inflection, and /t/ starts the final syllable.

    38
    'n sagt·e teiken (< sag·e)
    a soft·ATTR target
    a soft target
    39
    'n vast·e inkomste (< vas·e)
    a fixed·ATTR income
    a fixed income
    40
    stipt·e gehoorsaamheid (< stip·e)
    strict·ATTR obedience
    strict obedience

    Exceptions in colloquial language occur in the case of some items, for example 'n sleg vent a nasty character/fellow, but then with added emotive content.

    • If the stem ends in the rounded front vowel /y/, with epenthesis of /v/

    This phenomenon is comparable to the syllable-initial realisation of cluster-final /t/ in adjective stems, except that its origin, evident from the spelling in Dutch, apparently represented a glide, and not an obstruent.

    41
    ruw·e berge (< ru·e)
    rough·ATTR mountains
    rough mountains
    42
    die sluw·e jakkals (< slu·e)
    the wily·ATTR jackal
    the wily jackal

    Possibly as a result of the low frequency of this combination, the uninflected form is found often in examples like the following:

    43
    'n kru woord
    a coarse word
    • If the stem ends in a consonant cluster, with final /s/.
    44
    'n wulps·e blondine
    a voluptuous·ATTR blonde
    a voluptuous blonde
    45
    met rats·e bewegings
    with swift·ATTR movements
    with swift movements
    46
    mals·e plantegroei
    luxuriant·ATTR vegetation
    luxuriant vegetation
    • If the stem ends in a vowel plus /s/
    47
    wys·e woorde om in gedagte te hou
    wise·ATTR words for.COMP in thought PTCL.INF keep.INF
    wise words to keep in mind
    48
    bos·e geeste (< boos·e)
    evil·ATTR spirits
    evil spirits

    In this category, various exceptions occur, which in many cases correlate with semantic nuances, such as grys hare grey hair, but tot die gryse ouderdom until the grey age until old age, los buie loose showers scattered showers, but losse sedes loose morals. In many cases, inflection also correlates with a figurative connotation, or emphasis .

    extra
    x
    Adjectival inflection in Cape Vernacular Afrikaans (Kaaps)

    The inflectional patterns occurring in Standard Afrikaans, exemplified in examples (18) to (53), do not fully represent the Afrikaans diasystem. An analysis which is restricted to this variety would obfuscate linguistic phenomena which occur in colloquial varieties and are exposed much more to language contact (and possibly creolisation). In this section, the spotlight is turned to primary data which were collected during the 1980s among the speakers of Cape Vernacular Afrikaans (generally known as Kaaps), and particularly in the Malay, or Cape Muslim community. A few more recent and comparable examples will also be included.

    The reason for selecting this variety is that the sociolinguistic circumstances which influenced the development of Kaaps during its period of formation strongly favoured the retention of features which were the result of the contact situation. Hence present-day Kaaps would form an excellent testing ground to determine whether the expected results of grammatical gender loss led to a regular, simplified adjectival system. The importance of taking note of both the morphonological rules for adjectival inflection in Standard Afrikaans as in the combined system is underlined by the fact that variants from Kaaps have increasingly been used in normative contexts such as the electronic and print media since 1994, when the first democratic elections took place in the country.

    A comparative diachronic study which was undertaken on the basis of the data referred to above (Kotzé 1984:41-73) points to some interesting differences between Kaaps (K-Afr.) and the standard variety (SAfr.) in relation to adjectival inflection. In some respects, Kaaps has remained a more conservative dialect, in that monomorphemic adjectives retained an attributive formant in a relatively consistent fashion, as in the following examples, which show that regularisation has indeed occurred in this variety:

    i
    K: Saoedi-Arabië was 'n arm·e land.
    Saudi Arabia was a poor·ATTR country
    SV: Saoedi-Arabië was 'n arm land.
    ii
    K: 'n ryk·e man
    a rich·ATTR man
    SV: 'n ryk man
    iii
    K: jou ou·e lesse (< oud·e)
    your old·ATTR lessons
    SV: jou ou lesse
    iv
    K: 'n klein·e bietjie
    a small·ATTR bit
    a little bit
    SV: 'n klein bietjie
    v
    K: 'n kort·e distansie
    a short·ATTR distance
    SV: 'n kort distansie
    vi
    K: lekker vars·e snoek
    tasty fresh·ATTR snoek (barracouta)
    SV: lekker vars snoek

    These examples from Kaaps are a reflection of the general situation in late 18th century Cape Afrikaans (Raidt 1994:80). This pattern is also manifested in the attributive form of the possessive pronoun ons our, as in

    vii
    K: baie manne van ons·e mense
    many men of our·ATTR people
    SV: baie manne van ons mense
    viii
    K: hy sal nooit in ons·e pad staan nie
    he will.AUX never in our·ATTR path stand
    he will never stand in our way
    SV: hy sal nooit in ons pad staan nie

    The examples of this category also reflect the situation in the 19th century (Raidt 1994:280) in all varieties of Afrikaans. On the basis of the comparison, one will be able to conclude that the inflected form of monomorphemic attributive adjectives in present-day Kaaps forms a larger category than in the standard variety, in which the process of regularisation (i.e. through generalisation of -e suffixing) was reversed somehow or other before the the present pattern became fixed. On the other hand, the phonological processes in Kaaps which are linked to the inflectional patterns are largely the same, and the default categories in which inflection in Standard Afrikaans is compulsory are identical to those in Kaaps. Examples from the data are:

    ix
    K: 'n mens wat doen goei·e ietse (< goed·e)
    a person that.REL does good·ATTR somethings
    someone who does good things
    SV: 'n mens wat goeie dinge doen

    The rule according to which intervocalic /d/ is deleted (See heading 2 under Monosyllabic stems in the Read more section) is applicable in the example above.

    In the example below, taken from a written Cape Muslim Afrikaans text, the inflectional rule applicable to polysyllabic stems (geestige (< geestig)), as well as that referring to intervocalic /x/ (hoë (< hoog)) deletion apply.

    x
    K: die geestig·e gemeenskap met Sy ho·ë baas (< hoog·e)
    the spiritual·ATTR communion with his high·ATTR master
    SV: die geestelike gemeenskap met sy hoë meester
    extra
    x
    Examples of Attributive Adjective Inflection
    Table 1: Examples of Attributive Adjective Inflection
    Afrikaans adjective Attr. inflection English translastion Restricted use Unmarked Marked/Alternative Example
    absoluut ...lute absolute
    agterdogtig ·e suspicious
    bedremmeld ·e sheepish, embarrassed
    behoorlik ·e properly, proper
    beteuterd ·e downcast, embarrassed
    aaklig ·e awful, terrible
    aamborstig ·e short-breathed, asthmatic
    aangeklam ·de tipsy
    aangenaam ..name pleasant
    aangenome – adopted
    aanhoudend ·e continuous, continuously
    aanloklik ·e attractive, alluring
    aanlyn – online
    aanstaande – coming, next ATTR
    aansteeklik ·e contagious, catching
    aanstellerig ·e affected, full of airs
    aanstootlik ·e offensive, obnoxious
    aantreklik ·e attractive
    aanvaarbaar ...bare acceptable
    aanvallend ·e aggressive
    aanvallig ·e charming
    aanwesig ·e present
    abnormaal ...male abnormal
    adellik ·e noble
    afdraand ·e down-hill
    afgunstig ·e jealous, envious
    afskuwelik ·e horrible, detestable
    afsonderlik ·e separate
    afstootlik ·e repulsive
    afsydig ·e aloof
    afwesig ·e absent
    aggressief ...siewe aggressive
    agtelosig ·e careless
    agterbaks ·e sly, underhand
    agterlik ·e backward
    agtermekaar – neat
    agterstallig ·e overdue
    agterste – hind, hindmost
    agterstevoor – wrong way round
    al ·le all, every ATTR
    algemeen ...mene general
    alleen –, PRED alone ADV, PRED
    allerbeste – very best ATTR
    allergies ·e allergic
    amptelik ·e official
    ander – other ATTR
    anders ·e different
    angstig ·e fearful, terrified
    apart ·e separate
    arm – poor arm en ryk mense ·e die arme drommel
    arrogant ·e arrogant
    astrant ·e cheeky
    asvaal – pale
    avontuurlik ·e adventurous
    baie – many, much
    bak – cupped
    bakleierig ·e quarrelsome
    bang – afraid, fearful 'n bang mens ·e hierdie bange nag
    bankrot – bankrupt, insolvent
    basies ·e basic, basically
    beangs ·te fearful
    bedagsaam ...same considerate
    bedek ·e concealed
    bedompig ·e sultry, stuffy
    bedonderd ·e mad, crazy
    bedorwe – spoilt
    bedrywig ·e active, busy
    beduiweld ·e eccentric, difficult [person]
    bedwelmd ·e drugged, intoxicated
    beeldskoon ...skone a real looker
    been-af – in love
    begeerlik ·e desirable
    behoeftig ·e needy, destitute
    bejaard ·e elderly
    bek-af – down-hearted
    bekend ·e known
    bekoorlik ·e charming
    bekwaam bekwame capable
    belaglik ·e ridiculous
    belangrik ·e important
    beleefd ·e polite
    bemoedigend ·e encouraging
    benoud ·e stuffy
    bepaald ·e certain, particular
    bereid –, PRED prepared, willing
    bergagtig ·e mountainous
    beroemd ·e famous
    berug ·te notorious
    beseer ·de injured
    besig ·e busy
    besimpeld ·e silly
    beskaafd ·e civilized
    beskeie – modest
    beskikbaar ...bare available
    beskonke – under the influence
    besope – drunk
    betalend ·e profitable
    beter – better 'n beter kans ·e na betere oorde verhuis
    betrokke – overcast, involved, relevant
    betroubaar ...bare reliable
    bevorderlik (~ vir) ·e beneficial, conducive
    bevredigend ·e satisfactory
    bewerig ·e shaky, trembling
    bewolk ·te cloudy, overcast
    bewus ·te conscious
    bewusteloos ...lose unconscious
    billik ·e fair, reasonable
    bitter – bitter 'n bitter pil ·e tot hulle bittere ontnugtering
    blank ·e white [people]
    blanko – blank
    bleek – pale
    bles – bald
    blind ·e blind
    blink – shining, bright
    blitsig ·e quick as lightning
    blitsvinnig ·e double quick
    bloeddorstig ·e blood-thirsty
    bloederig ·e smeared with blood
    bloedig ·e bloody
    bloedjonk ...jong very young
    bloedmin – very few, precious little
    bloedrooi – blood-red
    daagliks ·e daily
    danig, danig met ·e quite, fond of
    dankbaar ...bare grateful
    dapper – brave almal dappper soldate ·e 'n dappere houding
    deeglik ·e thorough
    deeltyds ·e part-time
    definitief ...tiewe definite
    deftig ·e stylish, smart
    deksels ·e jolly, damn
    delikaat ...kate delicate
    demokraties ·e democratic
    desperaat ...rate desperate
    destyds ·e then
    deurmekaar – mixed-up, confused
    deurnat – soaking wet
    deurskynend ·e transparent
    diep – deep diep spore ·e diepe teleurstelling
    diepgaande – profound, radical
    dierbaar ...bare dear, beloved
    dierlik ·e animal, brutal
    dieselfde – the same
    dig ·te dense, close, tight
    digterlik ·e poetic
    dik – thick dik matte ·ke die dikke boek deurgelees
    dikbek – sulky
    dikmond – sulky
    dikvellig ·e thick-skinned
    direk ·te direct
    disnis – out cold PRED
    dodelik ·e deadly
    doelbewus ·te deliberate
    doelloos ...lose aimless, goalless
    doeltreffend ·e effective
    doenig ·e busy
    doenlik ·e feasible
    dof dowwe dim
    dol – crazed, hectic dol honde ·le 'n dolle jaagtog
    dolleeg ...leë completely empty
    dom – dim-witted, stupid dom keuses ·me domme dinge wat ek gesê het
    donker – dark 'n donker wolk ·e 'n donkere wanhoopsnag
    donkerrooi – dark red
    dood dooie dead
    doodbang – petrified, scared to death
    doodeerlik ·e downright honest
    doodernstig ·e deadly serious
    doodgewoon ...gewone quite common
    doodmaklik ·e dead easy
    doodmoeg ...moeë dead beat, dead tired
    doodonskuldig ·e quite innocent
    doodreg ·te dead right
    doodsbleek – deathly pale, ashen
    doodsiek – fatally ill, moribund
    doodstil – motionless, deadly quiet
    doodtevrede – perfectly content
    doof dowe deaf
    doofstom – deaf and dumb
    dooierig ·e listless, sluggish
    dor – arid 'n dor land ·re net dorre vlaktes
    dors – thirsty
    dowerig ·e slightly deaf
    draagbaar ...bare portable
    draaglik ·e bearable
    draderig ·e thready, fibrous
    dragtig ·e gravid, with young
    dreigend ·e menacing, threatening
    driehoekig ·e triangular
    drietalig ·e trilingual
    driftig ·e passionate
    dringend ·e urgent
    drinkbaar ...bare potable
    droewig ·e sad, dismal
    dronk – drunk
    droog droë dry
    druk – busy, heavy
    drukkend ·e oppressive
    dubbel ·e double
    dubbelsinnig ·e ambiguous, equivocal
    duidelik ·e clear
    duiselig ·e dizzy
    duister – dark, obscure 'n donker kamer ·e duistere geheime
    dun – thin
    duskantste – on this side, near ATTR
    duur – expensive 'n duur prys dure 'n dure les
    duursaam ...same durable
    dwaas dwase foolish
    dwars – cross
    dynserig ·e hazy
    edel ·e noble
    eenmalig ·e unique
    eenparig ·e unanimous
    eensaam ...same lonely, solitary
    eensgesind ·e at one, in harmony
    eensydig ·e biased, one-sided
    eentonig ·e monotonous
    eenvoudig ·e simple, plain
    eerbaar ...bare honest, virtuous
    eerlik ·e honest, honourable
    eersgebore – first-born
    eersgenoemde – first-mentioned ATTR
    eerskomende – following, next ATTR
    eertydse – former ATTR
    eervol ·le honourable
    eetbaar ...bare edible
    eeue oud ~ oue age-old
    effektief ...tiewe effective
    effens ·e slight
    eg ·te genuine, authentic
    egalig ·e steady
    Egipties ·e Egyptian
    egoïsties ·e selfish
    eie – own
    eienaardig ·e strange, peculiar, funny
    eiesinnig ·e headstrong, obstinate
    eiewys – self-conceited, stubborn
    eina – scanty, lame, poor
    eindeloos ...lose endless
    eintlik ·e real
    eksie-perfeksie – perfect
    ekstra – extra
    elasties ·e elastic
    elegant ·e elegant, stylish
    elektries ·e electric
    elektronies ·e electronic
    elementêr ·e elementary
    ellendig ·e miserable
    ene – a certain ATTR
    eng – narrow-minded, narrow
    enig ·e any ATTR
    enig – only PRED
    enigste – only ATTR
    enkel ·e single, a few
    enorm ·e enormous
    entoesiasties ·e enthusiastic
    erg ·e bad, badly
    ergerlik ·e offensive
    ergste – worst ATTR
    erkentlik ·e grateful
    ernstig ·e serious, seriously
    ervare – experienced
    essensieel ...siële essential
    etnies ·e ethnic
    eweredig ·e proportional
    ewig ·e eternal
    fantasties ·e fantastic
    fatsoenlik ·e decent
    feestelik ·e festive
    feilbaar ...bare fallible
    fel – fierce, sharp fel kritiek ·le 'n felle stryd
    ferm – firm, steady
    figuurlik ·e figurative
    fiks – fit
    filosofies ·e philosophical
    finaal finale final
    finansieel ...siële financial
    fisiek ·e physical, bodily
    fisies ·e scientific, physically
    flambojant ·e flamboyant
    flenters – in smithereens PRED
    flink – smart, brisk, thorough 'n flink stappie ·e die polisie se flinke optrede
    florerend ·e flourishing
    flou – dim, weak, silly flou verskonings ·e geen floue idee nie
    fluks – hard-working, diligent 'n fluks jong boer ·e hierdie flukse student
    formeel ...mele formal
    fors – strong, sturdy 'n fors middeljarige man ·e sy pa se forse blik
    foutief ...tiewe faulty, defective
    fraai – pretty fraai illustrasies ·e 'n fraaie poppie
    fris – fresh 'n fris windjie het gewaai ·e frisse, helder sopraanstem
    frustrerend ·e frustrating
    futiel ·e futile, in vain
    futloos ...lose spiritless
    fyn – fine 'n fyn balans ·e 'n fyne woordspeling
    fyngevoelig ·e sensitive
    gaaf gawe fine, friendly
    gaande – crazy (about), exited
    gaar – cooked
    galant ·e courteous
    galbitter – bitter as gall
    galsterig ·e rancid
    gangbaar ...bare acceptable
    gans ·e whole, entire[ly], altogether ATTR, ADV
    gapend ·e yawning, gaping
    gasvry ·e hospitable
    gaterig ·e full of holes, holey
    geag ·te respected ATTR
    gebak ·te baked, fried
    gebal ·de clenched
    gebars ·te cracked, burst
    gebelg ·de offended, angry
    geboë – bowed, bent
    gebore – born
    gebraai ·de grilled, roasted
    gebreek ·te broken, crushed
    gebrekkig ·e faulty, imperfect
    gebreklik ·e disabled, deformed
    gebroke – broken
    gebruiklik ·e customary
    gebuk (~ gaan) ·ke bent, burdened ADV
    gedaan gedane done, finished
    gedeeltelik ·e partial
    gedetermineerd ·e resolute
    gedrink ·te tipsy, drunk PRED, ATTR
    gedug ·te formidable
    geduldig ·e patient
    gedurig ·e continuous, constant
    gedwonge – forced
    geel – yellow
    geesdriftig ·e enthusiastic
    geestelik ·e spiritual, mental
    geestig ·e witty, funny
    gegewe – given
    gegoed ·e well-to-do, well-off ATTR
    gegradueer ·de graduate
    gegrief ·de resentful
    gehard ·e tough, tempered
    gehawend ·e tattered
    geheg ·te attached
    geheim ·e secret
    geheimsinnig ·e mysterious
    geholpe – helped
    gehoorsaam ...same obedient
    geil – lush, fertile
    geïllustreer ·de illustrated
    geïnteresseerd ·e interested
    gek – silly, fond of 'n gek gevoel ·ke gekke dinge doen
    gekant (~ teen) – set against
    geklee geklede dressed
    geklik ·e stupid
    gekonfyt – skilled, an old hand PRED
    gekrenk ·te hurt [fig.]
    geldelik ·e financial ATTR, ADV
    geldgierig ·e avaricious, greedy for money
    geldig ·e valid
    geleë – situated, convenient
    geleerd ·e learned
    geleidelik ·e gradual
    geletterd ·e literate
    geliefd ·e popular
    geliefkoos ·de favourite
    geloofwaardig ·e credible
    gelukkig ·e happy, lucky, fortunate
    gelyk ·e level, equal
    gelykop –
    gelyktydig ·e simultaneous
    gemaklik ·e comfortable, easy
    gemeen gemene mean, dirty, in common
    gemeenskaplik ·e common, collective
    gemeng ·de mixed
    gemiddeld ·e average
    genadig ·e merciful, lenient
    geniepsig ·e hurting,nasty
    genotvol ·le enjoyable
    geolie ·de oiled, lubricated
    geoorloof ·de permissible
    gepas ·te appropriate, fitting
    gereed – ready, prepared PRED
    gereël ·de arranged
    gereeld ·e regular
    geregtig ·de entitled
    geregverdig ·de justified
    gerieflik ·e comfortable
    gering ·e slight
    gerus ·te at ease, calm
    gesaghebbend ·e authoritative
    gesamentlik ·e joint, total
    geseënd ·e blessed
    gesellig ·e sociable, cosy
    geset ·te stout, corpulent, set
    geskiedkundig ·e historic, historical
    geskik ·te suitable, appropriate
    geskool ·de trained
    geslaag ·de successful
    geslepe – cunning
    geslote – closed
    gesond ·e healthy
    gespanne – tense
    gespierd ·e muscular
    gespikkel ·de speckled, spotted
    gespits ·te pointed
    gesproke – spoken
    getrou ·e faithful, loyal
    geurig ·e fragrant, tasty
    gevaarlik ·e dangerous
    gevange – captive, imprisoned
    gevat ·te witty
    gevleg ·te braided, plaited
    gevlek ·te spotted, stained
    gevoelig ·e sensitive
    gevoelloos ...lose callous, numb
    gevoelvol ·le tender
    gewaag ·de risky
    gewapen ·de armed
    gewelddadig ·e violent
    geweldig ·e enormous, mighty
    gewens ·te desired
    gewese – former, ex- ATTR
    gewetenloos ...lose unscrupulous
    gewigtig ·e important
    gewild ·e popular
    gewillig ·e willing, ready
    gewis ·se certain
    gewoon gewone common, normal
    gewoond (~ aan) – accustomed, used to
    giftig ·e poisonous, venomous
    gitswart – pitch black
    glad ·de slippery, smooth
    glashelder – crystal-clear
    glibberig ·e slippery
    goddelik ·e divine
    goddeloos ...lose godless, naughty
    godsdienstig ·e religious, devout
    goed goeie good
    goedgelowig ·e naïve, credulous
    goedhartig ·e kind-hearted, good-natured
    goedkoop – cheap
    goor – nasty
    gou – quick, soon PRED, ADV
    goue –, ATTR golden, gold-coloured
    grasgroen – grass-green
    gratis – free
    gretig ·e keen, eager
    grieselig ·e creepy, gruesome
    groen – green, unripe
    grof growwe rough, coarse
    grondwetlik ·e constitutional
    groot – big, huge 'n groot verskeidenheid boeke grote die grote God
    grusaam ...same gruesome, horrible
    grys – grey 'n grys oggend in Londen ·e in die gryse verlede
    gulsig ·e greedy
    gunstig ·e favourable, opportune
    guur gure unpleasant, inclement
    haaks – squared, right-angled, at loggerheads
    haarfyn – in detail
    haastig ·e hasty, in a hurry
    haglik ·e critical, desperate
    half halwe half, semi- ATTR, ADV
    halfjaarliks ·e half-yearly, every six months
    handgemeen – fighting hand to hand PRED
    handig ·e handy, clever
    hans – hand-fed, orphan
    hard ·e hard, loud
    hardhandig ·e harsh, rough
    hardkoppig ·e stubborn
    hardlywig ·e constipated
    hardnekkig ·e obstinate
    hardvogtig ·e callous, hard-hearted
    hardwerkend ·e diligent, hard-working
    harig ·e hairy
    hartlik ·e cordially
    hartstogtelik ·e passionate, passionately
    hatig ·e spiteful, vengeful
    heel hele whole, entire
    heeltyds ·e fulltime
    heerlik ·e delightful, delicious
    hees – hoarse
    heet – hot heet sonstrale hete op hete kole
    heg ·te firm, solid
    heilig ·e holy, sacred
    heimlik ·e secret
    helder – bright, clear
    helderrooi – bright red
    hels ·e devilish, hellish
    heuwelagtig ·e hilly
    hewig ·e violent, heavy
    higiënies ·e hygienic
    hinderlik ·e annoying, inconvenient
    hiperkorrek ·te hypercorrect
    hiperkrities ·e hypercritical
    hipermodern ·e hypermodern
    histeries ·e hysterical
    histories ·e historical, historic
    hoër – higher fondse met hoër opbrengste ·e gereed vir hoëre louere
    hoflik ·e polite
    hol – hollow 'n hol kol op die maag ·le holle beloftes
    holrug – hackneyed PRED, ADV
    hondmak – tame as a dog
    honger – hungry
    hoog hoë high
    hoogdrawend ·e pompous
    hooghartig ·e haughty
    hoogmoedig ·e haughty, proud
    hoogste – highest, utmost
    hoopvol ·le full of hope
    hopeloos ...lose beyond hope, hopeless, hopelessly
    horisontaal ...tale horizontal
    houtgerus ·te unconcerned
    hubaar ...bare eligible, marriageable
    huidig ·e present, current ATTR
    huilerig ·e crying ,whimpering
    huislik ·e domestic, homely
    huiwerig ·e hesitant
    hulpeloos ...lose helpless, helplessly
    hulpvaardig ·e cooperative, helpful
    humeurig ·e moody
    hups ·e lively
    ideaal ideale ideal
    idiomaties ·e idiomatic
    immoreel ...rele immoral
    imposant ·e impressive
    indirek ·te indirect
    individueel ...duele individual
    indringend ·e penetrating
    indrukwekkend ·e impressive
    industrieel ...triële industrial
    informeel ...mele informal
    ingebore – innate
    ingedagte – lost in thought
    ingemaak ·te canned
    ingenome – pleased
    ingeskrewe – registered
    ingeslote – enclosed
    ingetoë – modest
    ingewikkeld ·e complicated
    ingrypend ·e far-reaching
    inhalig ·e greedy
    inheems ·e indigenous
    inmekaar – together, into each other PRED, ADV
    innig ·e intimate, sincere
    inskiklik ·e obliging, accommodating
    inspannend ·e strenuous
    intelligent ·e intelligent
    interessant ·e interesting
    interkerklik ·e interdenominational
    internasionaal ...nale international
    intiem ·e intimate
    irrasioneel ...nele irrational
    jaarliks ·e annual, every year
    jags ·e lecherous, on heat
    jaloers ·e jealous
    jammer –, PRED sorry
    jeugdig ·e youthful, juvenile
    jeukerig ·e itching
    jolig ·e jolly
    jonk jong young, late 'n jong student jonge met die jonge Marie aan jou sy
    junior – junior
    kaal – naked, bald 'n kaal bolyf kale bly slegs die kale beendere oor
    kaalgat – stark naked
    kaalkop – bald head
    kaalvoet – barefoot
    kaduks ·e dog-tired, finished
    kalm – calm kalm denke ·e met 'n kalme waardigheid
    kapabel – likely to
    kapot – gone to pieces, exhausted PRED
    karig ·e scant, scantily
    kastig ·e so-called, as if
    katools ·e on heat
    katswink – dazed PRED
    katterig ·e catty, quarrelsome
    kenmerkend ·e characteristic
    kersregop – bolt upright
    kielierig ·e ticklish
    kiertsregop – bolt upright
    kieskeurig ·e particular
    kiets – quits, even PRED
    kinderagtig ·e childish, silly
    kinderlik ·e childlike, innocent
    kinderloos ...lose childless
    kinds ·e senile
    klaar – finished, ready
    klaarblyklik ·e obvious
    klaarpraat (met – done, finished PRED
    klam – damp
    klein – little, small 'n klein dorpie ·e die kleine Mpondo
    kleinserig ·e over-sensitive
    klerklik ·e clerical
    klewerig ·e sticky
    kliphard ·e as hard as stone
    klipperig ·e stony
    klokhelder – clear as a bell
    knap – smart
    knaphandig ·e skilful
    knorrig ·e grumpy
    knus – snug, cosy
    koddig ·e funny, odd
    koel – cool, chilly koel weer ·e 'n gesindheid van koele afsydigheid
    koelbloedig ·e cold-blooded
    koelerig ·e rather cool, fresh
    kolonialisties ·e colonialist
    kolossaal ...sale colossal
    komieklik ·e funny
    komies ·e comical
    kommersieel ...siële commercial
    kompak ·te compact
    koninklik ·e royal
    konsekwent ·e consistent
    konserwatief ...tiewe conservative
    koorsagtig ·e feverish, urgent
    koorsig ·e feverish
    koppig ·e stubborn, obstinate
    kordaat ...date bold, brave
    korrek ·te correct
    kort – short, brief ·e van korte duur
    kortaf – blunt, abrupt
    kortgebakerd ·e short-tempered
    kortgebonde – short-tempered
    kosbaar ...bare precious
    kosteloos ...lose free
    koud koue cold
    koulik ·e sensitive to cold
    kragtig ·e powerful
    kranksinnig ·e crazy, insane
    krimineel ...nele criminal
    kritiek ·e crucial, very important
    krities ·e critical
    krom – curved, bent
    kru – coarse
    kuis – chaste 'n kuis neklyn ·e die kuise Josef probeer verlei
    kultureel ...rele cultural
    kundig ·e knowledgeable
    kunsmatig ·e artificial
    kunstig ·e artistic
    kurkdroog ...droë as dry as cork
    kwaad kwater, kwaadste angry, serious, strict PRED
    kwaad kwade, erger, ergste bad, evil met kwade bedoelings
    kwaai – bad-tempered, strict, difficult 'n kwaai hond, kwaai woorde, 'n kwaai opdraande
    kwetsend ·e hurtful, offensive
    laag lae low
    laasgenoemde – latter ATTR
    laaste – last
    laat – late 'n laat stadium late ten spyte van die late uur
    laf lawwe senseless, tasteless
    lafhartig ·e cowardly
    lagwekkend ·e funny
    laks – lazy die laks werknemer ·e die spelers se lakse houding
    lam – lame
    langdurig ·e prolonged, protracted,chronic
    langsaam ...same slow, slowly
    lank lang long lang gesprekke lange op die lange duur
    lastig ·e troublesome, difficult
    lawaaierig ·e noisy
    ledig ·e idle
    leeg leë empty, unoccupied
    leergierig ·e eager to learn
    leersaam ...same instructive
    lekker – nice, pleasant, good, well, very
    lekkerlyf – tipsy
    lelik ·e ugly, nasty, grave
    lendelam – ramshackle
    letterlik ·e literal
    lewendig ·e lively, living
    lewenslank ...lange lifelong
    lewenslustig ·e spirited, full of life
    liberaal liberale liberal, broad-minded
    liederlik ·e dirty, filthy
    lief liewe dear, sweet, kind
    lieflik ·e lovely
    lig ·te light
    liggelowig ·e gullible
    ligsinnig ·e frivolous
    linkerkantse – left-hand
    links ·e left-handed, leftist
    linkshandig ·e left-handed
    listig ·e cunning, sly
    literêr ·e literary
    log ·ge cumbersome
    logies ·e logical
    lokaal lokale local
    lokatief ...tiewe locative
    lomerig ·e drowsy
    lomp – clumsy 'n groot en lomp staatsdiens ·e die lompe hantering van hierdie saak
    lonend ·e worthwhile
    los – loose 'n los donkie ·e van losse sedes
    lou – lukewarm
    louter – sheer louter plesier ·e loutere onsin
    lowergroen – bright green
    lughartig ·e light-hearted
    lugtig ·e wary
    lui – lazy lui mense ·e die luie lummel
    luid ·e loud
    luidkeels ·e at the top of one's voice
    luidrugtig ·e noisy, rowdy
    luisterryk ·e lustrous, magnificent
    lusteloos ...lose listless, spiritless
    lydend ·e suffering
    lywig ·e thick, corpulent
    maandeliks ·e monthly
    maatskaplik ·e social
    maer – lean, thin
    magteloos ...lose powerless
    mak – tame
    maklik ·e easy
    mal – mad, crazy die mal perd opsaal ·le die malle gejaag, my malle moer
    manjefiek ·e magnificent
    mank – limping
    manlik ·e male, masculine
    massief ...siewe massive
    matig ·e moderate
    medies ·e medical
    meerdere – greater
    meeste –, ATTR most
    meesterlik ·e masterly, brilliant
    melaats ·e leprous
    menslik ·e human
    menswaardig ·e decent, worthy of a human being
    merkbaar ...bare noticeable
    merkwaardig ·e remarkable
    middeljarig ·e middle-aged
    middelmatig ·e mediocre
    middelste – central ATTR
    mildelik ·e lavishly, liberally
    militêr ·e military
    min – few, little, minus, less
    minder – fewer, less minder kennis ·e in mindere of meerdere mate
    minderwaardig ·e inferior
    minste – fewest, least ATTR
    mis – amiss, wrong PRED, ADV
    misleidend ·e misleading
    mislik ·e horrible, sick, nauseous
    mismoedig ·e discouraged
    misterieus ·e mysterious
    mistig ·e foggy, misty
    modderig ·e slushy, muddy
    modern ·e modern
    modieus ·e stylish
    moedeloos ...lose discouraged
    moedig ·e courageous
    moedswillig ·e wilful, mischievous
    moeg moeë tired
    moeilik ·e difficult
    mondeling ·e oral
    mondig ·e of age
    mooi – beautiful, nice die mooi foto's ·e in die mooie Kaap
    moontlik ·e possible
    moorddadig ·e murderous
    morbied ·e morbid
    morsaf – clean off
    morsdood ...dooie stone-dead
    morsig ·e messy
    muf muwwe mouldy
    musikaal musikale musical
    muwwerig ·e rather musty
    naak ·te nude, naked
    naamloos ...lose anonymous
    naar nare sick, unpleasant, awful
    naaste – nearest
    naburig ·e neighbouring
    naby ·e close
    nabygeleë – nearby
    nadelig ·e detrimental
    nader ·e nearer
    nadruklik ·e emphatically
    nagblind ·e night-blind
    nagraads ·e post-graduate
    naïef naïewe naive
    nakend ·e naked
    nalatig ·e negligent
    na-oorlogs ·e post-war
    nasaal nasale nasal
    nasionaal ...nale national
    nat – wet, moist
    natterig ·e rather wet
    natuurgetrou ·e true to nature
    natuurlik ·e natural
    naywerig ·e envious, jealous
    nederig ·e modest, humble
    neerbuigend ·e condescending
    neerdrukkend ·e depressing
    neerhalend ·e derogatory
    neerslagtig ·e despondent
    negatief ...tiewe negative
    nerf-af – with skin chafed off
    netelig ·e thorny, delicate
    netjies ·e neat, nice
    neusoptrekkerig ·e snooty, choosy
    neutraal neutrale neutral
    nie-amptelik ·e unofficial
    nietig ·e insignificant, invalid
    niksbeduidend ·e insignificant
    niksseggend ·e meaningless
    niksvermoedend ·e unsuspecting
    nikswerd – worthless
    nimlik ·e very same
    nodig ·e necessary
    nonchalant ·e casual
    noodlottig ·e fatal
    noodsaaklik ·e necessary, essential
    noodwendig ·e inevitable, necessarily
    noordelik ·e northern
    normaal normale normal
    nors – grumpy 'n nors buurvrou ·e die norse Katrien
    nostalgies ·e nostalgic
    nou ·e narrow
    nougeset ·te meticulous
    noukeurig ·e close(ly), precise(ly)
    nugter – sober op 'n nugter maag ·e nugtere ontleding
    nukkerig ·e sulky
    numeries ·e numerical
    nutteloos ...lose useless
    nuttig ·e useful
    nuuskierig ·e inquisitive
    nuut nuwe new
    nuwerwets ·e modern, new-style
    nydig ·e envious, jealous
    nypend ·e nipping
    objektief ...tiewe objective
    oënskynlik ·e apparent
    oeroud ...oue ancient
    olierig ·e oily
    olik ·e unwell
    Olimpies ·e Olympic
    omgekrap ·te untidy
    omgekrap ·te irritable
    omgeslaan ·de, omgeslane overturned
    omliggende – surrounding
    omsigtig ·e cautious
    omslagtig ·e roundabout
    omstrede – controversial
    onaangenaam ...name unpleasant
    onaanvaarbaar ...bare unacceptable
    onaardig ·e unpleasant
    onaf – incomplete
    onafgebroke – incessantly
    onafhanklik ·e independent
    onafwendbaar ...bare inevitable
    onbaatsugtig ·e unselfish
    onbarmhartig ·e merciless
    onbeantwoord ·e unanswered
    onbedaarlik ·e uncontrollable
    onbedagsaam ...same inconsiderate
    onbeduidend ·e insignificant
    onbegaanbaar ...bare impassable
    onbegonne – impossible, not possible to start ATTR
    onbegryplik ·e incomprehensible
    onbeholpe – clumsy
    onbehulpsaam ...same unhelpful
    onbekend ·e unknown
    onbepaald ·e indefinite
    onbereikbaar ...bare inaccessible
    onberispelik ·e impeccable
    onbeskaaf ·de uncivilised
    onbeskof ·te rude
    onbetaald ·e unpaid
    onbetaamlik ·e improper, indecent
    onbetroubaar ...bare unreliable
    onbevoeg ·de incompetent
    onbevooroordeeld ·e unprejudiced
    onbeweeglik ·e unyielding, immovable
    onbewoonbaar ...bare uninhabitable
    onbewus (van ·te unaware of
    onbillik ·e unfair
    onbruikbaar ...bare unusable
    ondankbaar ...bare ungrateful, thankless
    ondenkbaar ...bare unimaginable
    onderdanig ·e submissive
    onderduims ·e underhand, sly
    ondergeskik ·te subordinate, unimportant
    onderhewig (aan – subject
    onderhorig ·e inferior
    onderhoudend ·e entertaining
    onderling ·e mutual
    onderste – bottom
    onderstebo – upside-down
    ondeund ·e mischievous
    ondeurdag ·te thoughtless
    ondeurdringbaar ...bare impenetrable
    ondeursigtig ·e opaque
    ondraaglik ·e unbearable
    ondrinkbaar ...bare undrinkable
    onduidelik ·e unclear, indistinct
    oneerbiedig ·e disrespectful
    oneerlik ·e dishonest
    oneg ·te fake, improper
    oneindig ·e endless
    onervare – inexperienced
    onfeilbaar ...bare infallible
    ongeduldig ·e impatient
    ongeërg ·de careless, casual
    ongegrond ·e unfounded
    ongehoord ·e unheard of
    ongehoorsaam ...same disobedient
    ongeleë – inconvenient
    ongeleerd ·e uneducated, rude
    ongeletterd ·e illiterate
    ongelooflik ·e incredible
    ongeloofwaardig ·e unreliable, untrustworthy
    ongelowig ·e unbelieving
    ongelukkig ·e unhappy, unfortunate
    ongelyk ·e uneven, unequal, odd
    ongemaklik ·e uncomfortable, uneasy
    ongemanierd ·e ill-mannered, rude
    ongenaakbaar ...bare unapproachable
    ongeneeslik ·e incurable
    ongeoorloof ·de impermissible, illicit, prohibited
    ongepoets ·te ill-mannered
    ongeregverdig ·de unjustified
    ongerieflik ·e uncomfortable, inconvenient
    ongerus ·te worried
    ongeskeer ·de unshaven
    ongeskik ·te unfit, rude
    ongeskonde – undamaged
    ongeskool ·de unskilled
    ongesond ·e unhealthy
    ongesteld ·e unwell, upset
    ongetroud ·e unmarried
    ongevoelig ·e insensitive
    ongewapen ·de unarmed
    ongewens ·te undesired
    ongewild ·e unpopular
    ongewoon ...gewone unusual
    ongewoond (~ aan) – unaccustomed
    ongunstig ·e unfavourable, adverse
    onhandig ·e clumsy
    onherbergsaam ...same inhospitable
    onherstelbaar ...bare irreparable
    onhoflik ·e discourteous
    onhoorbaar ...bare inaudible
    oninteressant ·e uninteresting
    onjuis ·te incorrect
    onkeerbaar ...bare unstoppable, incontrollable
    onklaar – defective
    onkundig ·e ignorant
    onlangs ·e recent
    onleesbaar ...bare illegible
    onmanierlik ·e ill-mannered
    onmeetbaar ...bare immeasurable
    onmeetlik ·e immense, measureless
    onmenslik ·e cruel, inhuman, inhumane
    onmiddellik ·e immediate
    onmisbaar ...bare indispensable
    onmoontlik ·e impossible
    onnatuurlik ·e unnatural
    onnet – untidy 'n onnet baard ·te onnette tafel
    onnodig ·e unnecessary
    onnosel – stupid onnosel mense met doktorsgrade ·e bra onnosele vrae
    onnutsig ·e naughty
    onontbeerlik ·e indispensable
    onooglik ·e unsightly
    onoorwinlik ·e unbeatable
    onoorwonne – unbeaten
    onopgevoed ·e uneducated
    onophoudelik ·e incessant
    onopsetlik ·e unintentional
    onpaar – mismatched
    onpadwaardig ·e unroadworthy
    onpartydig ·e impartial
    onplesierig ·e unpleasant
    onprakties ·e unpractical
    onproduktief ...tiewe unproductive
    onredelik ·e unreasonable
    onregeerbaar ...bare ungovernable
    onregstreeks ·e indirect
    onregverdig ·e unfair
    onrusbarend ·e alarming
    onrustig ·e restless, anxious
    onsamehangend ·e incoherent
    onsedelik ·e immoral
    onseker ·e uncertain, unsure
    onselfsugtig ·e unselfish
    onsigbaar ...bare invisible
    onsimpatiek ·e unsympathetic
    onsinnig ·e nonsensical, foolish
    onskadelik ·e harmless
    onskeibaar ...bare inseparable
    onskuldig ·e innocent
    onsmaaklik ·e unsavoury, unpleasant
    onsterflik ·e immortal
    onstuimig ·e stormy
    ontelbaar ...bare innumerable, countless
    ontevrede – dissatisfied
    onthuts ·te upset
    ontoereikend ·e inadequate
    ontoerekenbaar ...bare unanswerable
    ontroosbaar ...bare inconsolable
    ontrou –/·e unfaithful, disloyal
    ontsaglik ·e enormous, tremendously, hugely
    ontsettend ·e terrible
    ontslae (~ van) – rid [of]
    ontspanne – relaxed
    ontsteld ·e upset, alarmed
    ontvlambaar ...bare inflammable
    onvanpas ·te inappropriate
    onveilig ·e unsafe
    onverantwoord ·e unjustified
    onverantwoordelik ·e irresponsible
    onverbeterlik ·e unsurpassable
    onverbiddelik ·e relentless
    onverbloem ·de unconcealed
    onverbonde – uncommitted
    onverdraagsaam ...same intolerant
    onvergeeflik ·e unforgivable
    onvergeetlik ·e unforgettable
    onvergenoeg ·de dissatisfied
    onverhandelbaar ...bare unnegotiable
    onverklaarbaar ...bare inexplicable
    onverkrygbaar ...bare unobtainable
    onvermydelik ·e unavoidable
    onverskillig ·e careless
    onverstaanbaar ...bare incomprehensible
    onvertaalbaar ...bare untranslatable
    onverwags ·e unexpected
    onvoorbereid ·e unprepared
    onvoorspelbaar ...bare unpredictable
    onvriendelik ·e unfriendly
    onvrugbaar ...bare infertile
    onwaar onware untrue
    onwaarskynlik ·e unlikely
    onweerstaanbaar ...bare irresistible
    onweerswolk ·e thundercloud
    onwelriekend ·e foul-smelling
    onwettig ·e illegal
    onwillekeurig ·e involuntary
    onwillig ·e unwilling, reluctant
    oop – open 'n oop gemoed ope met ope arms
    oorbevolk ·te over-populated
    oorbewei ·de overgrazed
    oorbluf ·te dumbfounded
    oorbodig ·e unnecessary
    oorerflik ·e hereditary
    oorganklik ·e transitive
    oorgeërf ·de inherited
    oorgehaal ·de all set
    oorgerus ·te over-confident
    oorgewig – overweight
    oorhaastig ·e hurried
    oorsees ...sese overseas
    oorspronklik ·e original
    oortollig ·e superfluous
    oortrek – covered
    oorverdowend ·e deafening, ear-splitting
    oorvloedig ·e abundant
    oorvol – full to overflowing
    oostelik ·e easterly, eastern
    ooswaarts ·e eastward
    opbouend ·e constructive
    opdraand ·e uphill
    openbaar ...bare public
    openhartig ·e frank
    opgebruik ·te use up
    opgeruimd ·e cheerful
    opgeskort ·e suspended
    opgeskote – adolescent
    opgewek ·te light-hearted, upbeat
    opgewonde – excited
    oplettend ·e attentive
    oppervlakkig ·e superficial
    opreg ·te sincere, genuine
    opruiend ·e inflammatory
    opsioneel ...nele optional
    opstandig ·e rebellious
    optimisties ·e optimistic
    opvallend ·e noticeable, strike
    opvlieënd ·e quick-tempered
    opwindend ·e exciting
    oranje – orange
    ordelik ·e in an orderly manner
    ordentlik ·e decently
    orig ·e remaining, meddlesome
    oud ou old die goeie ou dae oue tien jaar oue kind
    ouderwets ·e old-fashioned, precocious [child]
    oudmodies ·e out of date
    ouer – older, elder
    ouerloos ...lose parentless, orphan
    oulik ·e cute
    outentiek ·e authentic
    outomaties ·e automatic
    outyds ·e old-fashioned, ancient
    padvaardig ·e ready for the road
    padwaardig ·e roadworthy
    pakkend ·e gripping
    paniekbevange – panic-stricken
    paniekerig ·e panicky, scared
    pap – soft, flabby
    papbroekig ·e weak-kneed
    papnat – soaking wet
    papsag ·te very soft, slushy
    parallel ·le parallel
    parlementêr ·e parliamentary
    parmantig ·e cocky
    partydig ·e partial, prejudiced
    pasgebore – newborn
    paslik ·e suitable, fitting
    passief passiewe passive
    pateties ·e pathetic
    pê – exhausted
    peperduur – most expensive
    perdfris – fit as a fiddle
    perfek ·te perfect
    periodiek ·e periodical
    permanent ·e permanent
    pers – purple
    persoonlik ·e personal
    pertinent ·e pertinent
    pessimisties ·e pessimistic
    piekfyn – just fine
    pienk – pink
    pieperig ·e frail, feeble, thin
    piepklein – tiny
    pikdonker – pitch dark
    pikswart – pitch-black
    pittig ·e pithy, punchy
    plaaslik ·e local
    plankdun – as thin as a rake
    plasties ·e plastic
    plat – flat, colloquial
    platsak – hard up, broke
    platvloers ·e common, coarse
    plegtig ·e solemn, dignified
    plesierig ·e cheerful, pleasant
    pligsgetrou ·e dutiful
    plomp ·e succulent, stout 'n plomp lyfie ·e 'n kort, plompe dame
    plotseling ·e sudden, suddenly
    pluis – in order PRED
    poedelkaal – stark naked
    poedelnaak (...nakend ...naakte, ...nakende stark naked
    poegaai – dog-tired
    poepdronk – drunk as a lord
    politiek ·e political
    polities ·e politically PRED, ADV
    pootseer – footsore
    poot-uit – exhausted, dog-tired
    populêr ·e popular
    pornografies ·e pornographic
    positief ...tiewe positive
    posvry – post-free
    potensieel ...siële potential
    power – meagre, poor die Bokke se power vertoning ·e 'n powere poging
    praatlustig ·e talkative
    pragtig ·e beautiful, lovely
    prakties ·e practical
    praterig ·e talkative
    prehistories ·e prehistoric
    Presbiteriaans ·e Presbyterian
    presies ·e precise, exact
    prettig ·e enjoyable, fun
    preuts ·e prudish
    prikkelbaar ...bare irritable
    prikkelend ·e stimulating
    primêr ·e primary
    primitief ...tiewe primitive
    privaat private private
    produktief ...tiewe productive
    professioneel ...nele professional
    progressief ...siewe progressive
    prominent ·e prominent
    promisku ·e promiscuous
    pront – prompt
    pront-uit – point-blank
    propvol – chock-full
    provinsiaal ...siale provincial
    prysenswaardig ·e praiseworthy
    publiek ·e public
    puik – excellent
    puntenerig ·e fussy, particular
    pynlik ·e painful, sore
    pynloos ...lose painless
    raad-op – at one's wit's end
    raadsaam ...same advisable
    raaiselagtig ·e puzzling, enigmatic
    raak – to the point, effective
    raar rare strange, unusual
    radikaal ...kale radical
    ragfyn – thin as a cobweb ragfyn handewerk ·e die ragfyne tapisserieë
    rammetjie-uitnek – swaggering
    rampspoedig ·e disastrous
    raseg ·te true, thoroughbred
    rasend ·e raging
    raserig ·e noisy
    rasioneel ...nele rational
    rassisties ·e racist
    rats – swift, nimble met 'n rats beweging ·e ratse en akkurate spronge
    realisties ·e realistic
    rebels ·e rebellious
    redelik ·e reasonable, quite, fair
    redeloos ...lose irrational
    redeloos ...lose brute, without reasoning
    reëel reële real
    reëlmatig ·e regular
    reënerig ·e rainy
    reënwind ·e rain wind
    refleksief ...siewe reflexive
    reg ·te right, correct
    regmatig ·e rightful
    regop – upright, erect
    regs ·e right, right-handed, right-wing, rightist
    regsgesind ·e rightwing, conservative
    regstreeks ·e direct
    regterkantse – right-hand
    reguit – straight
    regverdig ·e just, righteous
    rein – pure, chaste met 'n rein gewete ·e die reine waarheid
    reisvaardig ·e ready for the road
    rekbaar ...bare elastic
    relatief ...tiewe relative
    relevant ·e relevant
    religieus ·e religious
    rêrig ·e really
    respektabel ·e respectable
    reukloos ...lose odourless
    reusagtig ·e gigantic
    revolusionêr ·e revolutionary
    rietskraal – as thin as a rake
    rigtingloos ...lose undirected
    ritmies ·e rhythmical
    ritueel ....tuele ritual
    roekeloos ...lose reckless
    roemryk ·e famous, renowned
    roerend ·e touching, moving
    roerloos ...lose motionless
    roeskleurig ·e rust-coloured
    roesvry ·e rustproof
    roeswerend ·e anti-rust
    rojaal ...jale generous
    romanties ·e romantic
    romerig ·e creamy
    rond ·e round
    rondborstig ·e frank, candid
    rondgaande – travelling ATTR
    rondomtalie – round and round ADV
    rooi – red
    rooibont – red and white
    rooibruin – reddish-brown
    roomkleurig ·e cream-coloured
    rooskleurig ·e rosy, pink
    rotsagtig ·e rocky
    rotsvas ·te firm as a rock
    rou – raw, hoarse rou vleis ·e roue krete van opstand
    rouerig ·e underdone, half raw
    ru ·we rough, rude
    rugbaar –, PRED known
    ruig ruie bushy, thickly overgrown
    ruim – spacious, abundant 'n ruim vyfslaapkamerhuis ·e ruime geldelike steun
    ruimhartig ·e generous
    ruiterlik ·e openly
    rukkerig ·e jerky
    rumoerig ·e noisy
    rusiemakerig ·e quarrelsome
    rusteloos ...lose restless
    rustig ·e peaceful, tranquil
    ryk – rich, fertile 'n ryk Kaapse familie ·e ryke erfenis
    ryp – ripe, mature ryp vrugte ·e op rype ouderdom
    rypvry ·e frostless
    rysig ·e tall
    saai – dull, unexciting
    saaklik ·e concise
    saamgesteld ·e compound
    sag ·te soft, light
    saggeaard ·e of gentle nature
    salig ·e blessed
    sanderig ·e sandy
    sappig ·e juicy
    sat – sick and tired of
    sedelik ·e moral
    sedeloos ...lose immoral
    sedig ·e prim
    seepglad ·de as slippery as an eel
    seer – sore, painful
    seesiek – seasick
    seker ·e certainly, probably
    seksueel seksuele sexual
    seldsaam ...same rare
    selektief ...tiewe selective
    selfbewus ·te self-conscious
    selfde – same ATTR
    selfstandig ·e autonomous
    selfsugtig ·e selfish, egoistic
    selfversekerd ·e self-confident
    selfversorgend ·e self-supporting
    semanties ·e semantic
    seniel ·e senile
    senior – senior
    sensasioneel ...nele sensational
    sensitief ...tiewe sensitive
    sentimenteel ...tele sentimental
    sentraal sentrale central
    senu[wee]agtig ·e nervous
    senutergend ·e nerve-wracking
    seperig ·e soapy
    seremonieel ...niële ceremonial
    serieus ·e serious
    sesjarig ·e six year old
    sewejarig ·e seven year old
    siek – ill, sick
    siekerig ·e ailing
    sieklik ·e sickly, in bad health
    sieldodend ·e dull, monotonous
    sielkundig ·e psychological
    sielsiek ·e mentally ill
    siende – seeing
    sierlik ·e graceful, elegant
    sigbaar ...bare visible
    sigsag – zigzag
    silwerskoon – spotlessly clean
    simpatiek ·e sympathetic
    simpel – silly, feeble-minded die simpel selfoon werk nie ·e simpele grappies
    sindelik ·e clean, tidy
    sinies ·e cynical
    sinlik ·e sensual
    sinloos ...lose senseless, meaningless
    sinneloos ...lose insane
    sinryk ·e full of meaning
    sintakties ·e syntactic
    sirkelvormig ·e circular
    sistematies ·e systematic
    sjarmant ·e charming
    skaamteloos ...lose shameless
    skadelik ·e harmful, damaging
    skadeloos ...lose harmless
    skamel ·e scanty
    skamerig ·e bashful, shy
    skandalig ·e outrageous
    skandelik ·e disgraceful
    skatlik ·e sweet
    skattig ·e sweet
    skeef skewe skew, crooked
    skeel – squint-eyed
    skeibaar ...bare separable
    skelm – sly, cunning
    skeppend ·e creative
    skepties ·e sceptical
    skerp – sharp die skerp reaksie ·e in skerpe teenstelling
    skerpsinnig ·e keen-witted, sharp
    skertsend ·e jokingly, in fun
    skielik ·e sudden
    skietlustig ·e trigger-happy
    skilderagtig ·e picturesque
    skitterend ·e sparkling, brilliant
    skokkend ·e shocking
    skoolsiek – malingering, playing truant
    skoon – clean, clear, beautiful skoon water skone die skone geslag
    skoonveld – vanished
    skor – hoarse
    skotig ·e gradually sloping
    skotvry – scot-free, out of range
    skouspelagtig ·e spectacular
    skraal – thin, lean hierdie skraal man skrale een skrale moontlikheid
    skrams – grazing, glancing 'n skrams blik op die hospitaalbed ·e 'n skramse piksoentjie
    Ostrander – clever, bright
    skraps – scanty, meagre 'n kamer met skraps meublement ·e 'n skrapse begroting
    skreeuend ·e screaming
    skreeulelik ·e frightfully ugly
    skreeusnaaks ·e screamingly funny
    skreiend ·e crying
    skriftelik ·e written
    skrikaanjaend ·e terrifying
    skrikkerig ·e nervous, afraid
    skrikwekkend ·e frightening, alarming
    sku – shy, timid 'n sku en seldsame jakkals ·we haar skuwe glimlaggie
    skugter – timid, shy skugter nagapies en muishonde ·e 'n soort skugtere teerheid
    skuins – skew, slanting, oblique
    skuldig ·e guilty
    skunnig ·e salacious
    skurf skurwe chapped, rough, smutty
    skynbaar ...bare apparent(-ly)
    skynheilig ·e hypocritical
    slaags – came to blows
    slank ·e slim, slender
    slap – limp, weak
    slapeloos ...lose sleepless
    slaperig ·e sleepy, drowsy
    sleg ·te poor, bad, evil
    slim – clever, smart slim planne ·me die slimme tannie Poppie van die ouetehuis
    slinks ·e underhand, cunning
    slonsig ·e slovenly
    slordig ·e untidy, slipshod
    slu – cunning, wily slu ogies ·we die sluwe jakkals
    slymerig ·e slimy
    smaaklik ·e tasty, appetising
    smaakloos ...lose tasteless
    smalend ·e sneering
    smekend ·e pleading
    smerig ·e filthy
    smoorkwaad – enraged
    snaaks ·e funny, odd
    snaakserig ·e rather funny
    snedig ·e cutting
    snerpend ·e biting
    snikheet ...hete sweltering
    snipperig ·e pert, snippy
    snoesig ·e cuddly, comfortable
    sober – sober sober gewoontes ·e sobere sakebeginsels
    soel – sultry
    soepel – supple soepel hande ·e soepele taal
    soet – sweet sterk swart soet koffie ·e soete wraak
    soeterig ·e rather sweet
    soetsappig ·e namby-pamby, mushy
    sogenaamd ·e so-called
    solied ·e solid
    somber – sombre, gloomy 'n baie somber stemming ·e sombere pessimisme
    sommige – some
    sonderling ·e strange
    sondig ·e sinful
    sonnig ·e sunny
    soortgelyk ·e similar
    sorgloos ...lose carefree
    sorgvuldig ·e thorough
    sorgwekkend ·e alarming
    sosiaal sosiale social
    sosialisties ·e socialist
    soveelste – umpteenth ATTR
    spaarsaam ...same thrifty
    spandabel ·e extravagant
    spandabelrig ·e extravagant
    spannend ·e tense, exciting
    spelerig ·e playful
    spesiaal spesiale special
    spesifiek ·e specific
    speuls ·e rutting, on heat
    spieëlglad ·de as smooth as a mirror
    spierwit – snow white
    spitsvondig ·e witty
    splinternuut ...nuwe brand new
    spoedig ·e soon
    spoggerig ·e swanky, smart
    spontaan ...tane spontaneous
    spookagtig ·e spooky, eerie
    spoorloos ...lose trackless
    sportief ...tiewe sporting
    sportmal ·le crazy about sport
    spotgoedkoop – dirt-cheap
    spottend ·e mocking, jeering
    spraaksaam ...same talkative
    sprakeloos ...lose speechless
    sprankelend ·e sparkling, scintillating
    springlewendig ·e very much alive
    sprokiesagtig ·e fairy-like
    spyt – sorry PRED
    staande – standing
    stabiel ·e stable, firm
    stadig ·e slow
    stamperig ·e bumpy
    stampvol – packed
    stapelgek – raving mad
    star – fixed 'n star blik ·re starre eiesinnigheid
    statig ·e dignified
    stedelik ·e urban
    steeks – jibbing
    steil – steep
    stekelrig ·e thorny, prickly
    stelselmatig ·e systematic
    stemgeregtig ·de entitled to vote
    stemhebbend ·e voiced
    stemloos ...lose voiceless
    stemmig ·e quiet, subdued
    sterflik ·e mortal
    steriel ·e sterile
    sterk – strong, powerful sterk swart soet koffie ·e 'n sterke derduiwel
    steurend ·e disturbing
    stewig ·e firm
    stikdonker – pitch-dark
    stil – quiet, calm 'n stil en veilige voorstad ·le 'n stille versugting
    stip ·te accurate, punctual
    stofdig ·te dust-proof
    stoflik ·e material
    stokblind ·e stone-blind
    stokdoof ...dowe stone-deaf
    stokoud ...ou very old
    stokstyf ...stywe as stiff as a poker
    stom – dumb stom getuies ·me in stomme verbasing
    stomgeslaan ...slane astounded, taken aback
    stomp – blunt
    stompsinnig ·e idiotic
    stormagtig ·e stormy
    stout – naughty stout kinders ·e die stoute karnallies
    straf strawwe severe
    strafbaar ...bare punishable
    strak – tense, grim strak gesigte ·ke 'n strakke eenvormigheid
    stralend ·e radiant
    strategies ·e strategic
    strelend ·e caressing
    streng – strict, stern streng eise ·e aan strenge voorwaardes voldoen
    stroef stroewe grim
    stroom-op – difficult [of people]
    stroopsoet – as sweet as honey
    strydlustig ·e eager to fight
    stug – reserved, unfriendly die stug uitdrukking ·ge stugge stilswye
    stuitig ·e silly
    stukkend ·e broken, in pieces
    stuurs ·e surly, unfriendly
    styf stywe stiff
    stylvol ·le in good style, elegant
    subjektief ...tiewe subjective
    subtiel ·e subtle
    subtropies ·e subtropical
    suf suwwe dull, drowsy
    Suid-Afrikaans ·e South African
    Suid-Amerikaans ·e South American
    suidelik ·e southern
    suidoostelik ·e south-easterly
    suikersoet – sweet as sugar
    suinig ·e stingy
    suiwer – pure met haar suiwer stem ·e 'n suiwere en objektiewe feiteweergawe
    sulke – such
    summier ·e forthwith
    suur – sour, unpleasant
    swaar – heavy, difficult voor die swaar dae kom sware 'n sware stryd kom
    swaarlywig ·e corpulent, stout
    swaarmoedig ·e depressed
    swak – weak swak punte swakke die swakke enkeling
    swaksinnig ·e mentally deficient
    swanger – pregnant
    swart – black
    swartgallig ·e pessimistic
    swierig ·e elegant, jaunty
    swoel – sultry
    swygsaam ...same silent
    sydelings ·e indirect, sidelong
    taai – sticky, tough 'n taai stryd ·e taaie volharding
    taalkundig ·e linguistic
    taamlik ·e quite
    taktloos ...lose tactless
    taktvol ·le tactful
    talentvol ·le talented
    talle – numerous ATTR
    talloos ...lose innumerable
    talryk ·e numerous
    tam – weary
    tamaai – huge 'n tamaai bos blomme ·e 'n tamaaie vragmotor vol beeste
    tartend ·e provocative
    tasbaar ...bare tangible
    teenoorgesteld ·e opposite
    teensinnig ·e reluctant
    teenstrydig ·e contradictory
    teenwoordig ·e present
    teer – tender, delicate 'n teer onderwerp tere tere aanraking
    teësinnig ·e reluctant
    tegemoetkomend ·e accommodating
    tegnies ·e technical
    teleurgesteld ·e disappointed
    temerig ·e drawling
    tenger – fragile, weak
    terloops ·e casual, by the way
    terneergedruk ·te dejected, downhearted
    teruggetrokke – reserved
    terughoudend ·e reserved
    tevrede – satisfied
    tipies ·e typical
    tiranniek ·e tyrannical
    toegeeflik ·e lenient
    toegewyd ·e dedicated
    toekomend ·e future
    toekomstig ·e future
    toelaatbaar ...bare permissible
    toenemend ·e increasing
    toepaslik ·e appropriate
    toereikend ·e adequate
    toerekenbaar ...bare accountable
    toeskietlik ·e accommodating, obliging
    toevallig ·e chance, accidental
    toiingrig ·e tattered
    toonaangewend ·e leading
    topswaar – top-heavy
    totaal ...tale total
    totalitêr ·e totalitarian
    traag trae slow, lazy
    traak-my-nie-agtig ·e devil-may-care, irresponsible
    tradisievas ·te tradition-bound
    tradisioneel ...nele traditional
    tragies ·e tragic
    transitief ...tiewe transitive
    treffend ·e striking, moving
    treurig ·e sad, miserable
    triestig ·e gloomy, dreary
    triomfantelik ·e triumphant
    troebel ·e turbid, muddy
    troosteloos ...lose inconsolable
    tropies ·e tropical
    trots ·e proud
    trou ·e faithful, loyal
    troueloos ...lose disloyal
    tuis – at home PRED
    tuisgemaak ·te home-made
    tweedaags ·e two-day
    tweedehands ·e second-hand
    tweetalig ·e bilingual
    tweeweekliks ·e bi-monthly
    twintigste-eeus ·e twentieth-century
    twisgierig ·e quarrelsome
    twyfelagtig ·e doubtful
    tydelik ·e temporary
    tydig ·e timely
    tydrowend ·e time-consuming
    tydsaam ...same slow
    uit-asem – breathless
    uitbundig ·e exuberant
    uitdagend ·e defiant, provocative
    uitdrukkingloos ...lose expressionless
    uitdruklik ·e emphatic
    uiteenlopend ·e divergent
    uiteindelik ·e eventually
    uiterste – extreme
    uitgebreid ·e extensive
    uitgedien ·de obsolete
    uitgedos ·te dressed up
    uitgegroei ·de full-grown
    uitgehonger ·de starving, craving
    uitgeknip ·te exact
    uitgelate – elated
    uitgelese – select
    uitgeput ·te exhausted
    uitgerek ·te drawn out
    uitgeslape – shrewd
    uitgesoek ·te hand-picked
    uitgestrek ·te extensive, vast
    uitgeteer ·de emaciated
    uitgevat ·te dressed up
    uitgevreet ...vrete big and fat
    uitgewerk ·te answered, extinct
    uitheems ·e outlandish, exotic
    uithuisig ·e not at home
    uitmuntend ·e excellent
    uitspattig ·e loud, excessive
    uitstaande – outstanding
    uitstekend ·e excellent
    uitvoerig ·e detailed
    uitwaarts ·e outward
    uitwendig ·e external
    ultramodern ·e ultra-modern
    uniek ·e unique
    universeel ...sele universal
    urelank ...lange lasting for hours
    uvulêr ·e uvular
    vaag vae vague
    vaak – sleepy
    vaal – ash-coloured, dull
    vaalgrys – greyish, mouse-coloured
    vaardig ·e skilful
    vaderlik ·e fatherly
    vaderloos ...lose fatherless
    vakant ·e vacant
    vakerig ·e drowsy
    vals – false 'n vals noot ·e valse bewerings
    vasberade – determined
    vasbeslote – resolute
    vatbaar ...bare open to, susceptible to
    vatterig ·e fond of pawing [e.g. girls]
    veelbewoë – eventful
    veeleisend ·e demanding
    veelkleurig ·e multicoloured
    veelrassig ·e multiracial
    veelseggend ·e significant
    veelsydig ·e versatile
    veeltalig ·e multilingual
    veelvuldig ·e multiple
    veerkragtig ·e resilient
    veglustig ·e militant, wanting to fight
    veilig ·e safe, secure
    vel-af – bruised
    velêr ·e velar
    veneries ·e venereal
    venynig ·e venomous, malignant
    ver – far ver plekke ·re in die verre toekoms
    veraf – far away
    verafgeleë – faraway, distant
    veragtelik ·e despicable
    verantwoordelik ·e responsible, answerable
    verban ·ne exiled
    verbasend ·e amazing
    verbluf ·te dumbfounded
    verblydend ·e gladdening
    verbode – prohibited
    verbonde – attached
    verbouereerd ·e flustered
    verbrand ·e burnt, blooming
    verbysterd ·e bewildered
    verdag ·te suspected, suspicious
    verdedigend ·e defensive
    verdien ·de deserved
    verdienstelik ·e meritorious
    verdraagsaam ...same tolerant
    verdrietig ·e sorrowful, rueful
    verdwaal ·de lost
    verenig ·de united
    verflenter ·de tattered
    verfoeilik ·e detestable
    verfrissend ·e refreshing
    verfynd ·e refined
    vergeefs ·e in vain
    vergeetagtig ·e absent-minded
    vergelykend ·e comparative
    vergesog ·te far-fetched
    vergewensgesind ·e forgiving
    vergiftig ·de poisoned
    verkieslik ·e preferable
    verkrygbaar ...bare obtainable
    verkwikkend ·e refreshing
    verlate – deserted, lonely
    verlede – last, past
    verleë – embarrassed
    verleidelik ·e seductive, tempting
    verlief ·de in love
    verloof ·de engaged
    vermaaklik ·e amusing, entertaining
    vermeende – suspected
    vermetel ·e shameless
    vermoeiend ·e tiring
    vernaam ...name important, distinguished
    vernederend ·e humiliating
    vernielsugtig ·e destructive
    verniet – free, in vain
    vernietigend ·e destructive, slashing
    vernuftig ·e ingenious
    verontwaardig ·de indignant
    verplig ·te compulsory, obliged
    verpligtend ·e compulsory
    verraderlik ·e treacherous
    verrassend ·e surprising
    verregaande – outrageous
    verreikend ·e far-reaching
    versadig ·de satisfied [appetite]
    versigtig ·e careful
    verskriklik ·e terrible, horrible
    verskuldig ·de due
    verslaaf ·de addicted
    verslae – dumbfounded
    verslete – threadbare
    verslons ·te slovenly, untidy
    versot (~ op) – keen
    verspot ·te silly
    verstandelik ·e mental
    verstandig ·e sensible, intelligible
    versteen ·de petrified
    verstom ·de speechless, dumbfounded
    verstreke – expired
    verteenwoordigend ·e representative
    verteerbaar ...bare digestible
    vertikaal ...kale vertical
    vertraag ·de retarded, delayed
    vertroud ·e trusty, familiar [with]
    vertroulik ·e confidential
    vervalle – dilapidated, emaciated [face]
    vervals ·te forged, counterfeit
    vervelend ·e boring
    vervelig ·e boring
    vervlakste – damned, confounded
    vervloek ·te damned, cursed
    verwaand ·e arrogant, conceited
    verwaarloos ·te neglected
    verwant ·e related
    verward ·e confused, bewildered
    verwese – dazed, stunned
    verwoed ·e fierce
    verwoes ·te devastated
    verwoestend ·e devastating
    verwyf ·de effeminate
    vet – fat
    vetterig ·e greasy, fattish
    vierhoekig ·e quadrangular
    vierkantig ·e square
    viertalig ·e quadrilingual
    viervoetig ·e quadruped
    vies – annoyed
    vieserig ·e rather disgusted
    vieslik ·e filthy
    viets ·e spruce
    vindingryk ·e ingenious, resourceful
    vingeralleen – all alone
    vinnig ·e fast, quick
    vitterig ·e fault-finding, carping
    vlak – shallow
    vleiend ·e flattering, complementing
    vlekvry ·e stainless
    vloeibaar ...bare liquid
    vlootblou – navy blue
    vlot – fluent
    vlugtig ·e brief, casual
    voedsaam ...same nourishing
    voëlvry – outlawed
    voetseer – footsore
    vogtig ·e damp, humid
    vol – full 'n vol glas ·le die volle tydperk
    voldoende – sufficient
    voldonge (~ feit) – accomplished fact, fait accompli ATTR
    volgende – next ATTR
    volkome – complete
    volledig ·e full, complete
    volmaak ·te perfect
    volop – abundant, plentiful
    volslae – complete ATTR
    voltallig ·e all present
    voltooid ·e complete
    voltyds ·e full-time
    volwasse – adult, mature
    voorafgaande ·e preceding
    voorbarig ·e rash, foreward
    voorbeeldig ·e exemplary
    voordelig ·e advantageous, profitable
    voorgeskrewe – prescribed
    voorlaaste – penultimate, last but one
    voorlopig ·e provisional
    voormalig ·e former, onetime
    voorskools ·e pre-school
    voorspoedig ·e prosperous
    voorsprong ·e advantage, lead
    voorste – front, first ATTR
    voortdurend ·e continuous
    voortreflik ·e excellent
    voortvarend ·e rash, impetuous
    vooruitstrewend ·e progressive
    voos – perished, spongy
    vorige – previous, former ATTR
    vorstelik ·e princely, royal
    vraatsugtig ·e gluttonous
    vrank – acrid
    vredeliewend ·e peace-loving
    vreedsaam ...same peaceful
    vreemd ·e strange
    vreesaanjaend ·e terrifying, fearsome
    vreeslik ·e terrible
    vrekkerig ·e stingy
    vriendelik ·e friendly, kind
    vriendskaplik ·e friendly [match]
    vroeër ·e earlier, former ATTR, ADV
    vroeg vroeë early
    vroegtydig ·e early, in good time
    vrolik ·e cheerful, merry
    vroom – pious, sanctimonious 'n vroom teologiese student vrome onder 'n vrome dekmantel
    vrot – rotten, feeble [inf.]
    vrotsig ·e incompetent, feeble
    vroulik ·e feminine, female
    vrugbaar ...bare fertile, fruitful
    vrugteloos ...lose fruitless, futile
    vry ·e free
    vrygelate – freed, released
    vrygewig ·e generous
    vrypostig ·e forward, pert
    vrywillig ·e voluntary
    vuil – dirty, filthy 'n klomp vuil gesiggies ·e 'n vuile sondaar
    vulgêr ·e vulgar
    vurig ·e fiery, fervent
    vuurvas ·te fire-proof
    vuurwarm – boiling hot, red-hot
    vyandelik ·e enemy, hostile
    vyandig ·e hostile
    waaghalsig ·e reckless, daring
    waaksaam ...same watchful, vigilant
    waansinnig ·e insane
    waar ware true, real
    waardeloos ...lose worthless
    waardevol ·le valuable
    waardig ·e dignified
    waarnemend ·e acting
    waarskynlik ·e probable
    waffers ·e quite good
    wakker – awake, alert
    walglik ·e nauseating, sickening
    wanhopig ·e desperate
    wankelrig ·e wavering, unsteady
    wanordelik ·e disorderly
    wantrouig ·e distrustful, suspicious
    warm – hot, warm warm water en seep ·e met warme nostalgie
    wasig ·e hazy
    waterdig ·te waterproof
    waterig ·e watery
    waterloos ...lose waterless
    waternat – soaking wet
    waterpas – dead level
    wederkerend ·e reflexive
    wederkerig ·e reciprocal
    wederregtelik ·e illegal
    wedersyds ·e mutual
    weekliks ·e weekly
    weelderig ·e luxurious
    weemoedig ·e melancholy, sad
    weerbaar ...bare able to defend oneself
    weerbarstig ·e unruly
    weerloos ...lose defenceless
    weersinwekkend ·e repulsive
    weetgierig ·e eager for information
    weinig – little, few
    wel – well PRED
    welbekend ·e well-known
    weldadig ·e glorious, blissful
    weldeurdag ·te well thought out
    welgemoed – cheerful PRED
    welgeskape – well-formed
    welgesteld ·e well-off
    welig ·e luxuriant
    welkom ·e welcome
    welmenend ·e benevolent
    weloorwoë – well-considered
    welopgevoed ·e well-educated
    welriekend ·e fragrant
    welsprekend ·e eloquent
    welvarend ·e prosperous
    welverdiend ·e well-deserved
    welwillend ·e benevolent
    wenslik ·e desirable
    werd –, PRED worth
    wêreldberoemd ·e world famous
    werklik ·e real
    werkloos ...lose unemployed
    werksaam ...same employed
    werksku – work-shy
    wesenlik ·e essential
    westelik ·e westerly, western
    wetenskaplik ·e scientific
    wetlik ·e legal
    wetties ·e legalistic, adhering to the letter of the law
    wettig ·e lawful, legitimate
    wild ·e wild
    wildvreemd ·e utterly strange
    willekeurig ·e arbitrary
    winderig ·e windy
    windmakerig ·e smart, flashy
    windskeef ...skewe lop-sided, skew
    windstil – windless
    winsgewend ·e profitable
    wispelturig ·e fickle, capricious
    wisselend ·e changing, varying
    wit – white
    witterig ·e whitish
    woedend ·e furious
    woelig ·e fidgety, busy, turbulent
    woes ·te desolate, wild
    wolkeloos ...lose cloudless
    wollerig ·e woolly
    wonderbaarlik ·e miraculous
    wonderlik ·e wonderful
    woonagtig –, PRED resident, living
    wraakgierig ·e vindictive
    wrang ·e bitter [fig.]
    wreed wrede cruel
    wreedaardig ·e barbarous, brutal
    wulps ·e sexy
    wyd wye wide
    wydverspreid ·e widespread
    wys ·e wise, sensible
    ydel – vain, empty 'n ydel droom ·e ydele praatjies
    yl – thin
    ylhoofdig ·e delirious, light-headed
    ysere – iron [fig.]
    ysig ·e icy
    ysingwekkend ·e gruesome, hair-raising
    yskoud ...koue ice cold
    yslik ·e terrible, huge
    ysterhard ·e as hard as iron
    ystersterk – strong as iron
    ywerig ·e diligent, zealous
    References
    • Kotzé, E.F1984Afrikaans in die Maleierbuurt: 'n diachroniese perspektief.Tydskrif vir Geesteswetenskappe2441-73,
    • Raidt, E.H1983Einführung in Geschichte und Struktur des Afrikaans.ReeksWissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft
    • Raidt, E.H1994Nederlandse en Afrikaanse spreektaal in die 17de en 18de eeu.Bundels
    • Raidt, E.H1994Nederlandse en Afrikaanse spreektaal in die 17de en 18de eeu.Bundels
    About this article
    Author(s): Ernst Kotzé, Adri Breed
    Category: Afrikaans Syntax
    Keywords: attributioninflectionschwa suffixingmonosyllabic stempolysyllabic stem
    Version: 1.0, May 2020
    Version history:
    version editor(s) date remarks
    1.0 Ernst Kotzé, Adri Breed May 2020
    This is a beta version.
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