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    High-vowel-plus-homorganic-glide-restriction
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    Combinations of [i] plus a homorganic glide (see also hiatus) display a strong tendency to avoid stress in words with more than two syllables, albeit under two conditions:

    1. the combination occurs in the last two syllables of the word
    2. the glide is the onset of an open syllable (as for instance in word-final [ija] or [ijo].

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    [+]Quadrisyllabic monomorphemic words

    In general, these words display a tendency to have alternating stress patterns, with primary stress on the third syllable and secondary stress on the first (see stress in monomorphemic quadrisyllabic words). However, if the last two syllables contain a high vowel followed by a glide, primary stress falls on the antepenult in the large majority of cases:

    1
    magnolia [max.ˈno.li.ja] magnolia
    camelia [kaˈme.li.ja] camellia
    petunia [pe.'ty.ni.ja] petunia
    tarantula [ta.ˈrɑn.ty.la] tarantula
    gardenia [ɣɑr.ˈde.ni.ja] gardenia
    [+]Trisyllabic words

    Trisyllabic words show a similar pattern: stress is avoided on the last two syllables.

    2
    ratio [ˈra.tsi.jo] ratio
    radio ['ra.di.jo] radio
    loempia ['lum.pi.ja] spring roll
    hernia [ˈhɛr.ni.ja] hernia
    sangria [ˈsɑŋ.gri.ja] sangria

    There are some counterexamples to this pattern; they are restricted to some proper names.

    3
    Tanzania [tɑn.za.ˈni.ja] Tanzania
    Nicosia [ni.ko.'si.ja] Nicosia
    Sjariah [ʃa.ˈri.ja] Sharia
    Maria [ma.'ri.ja] Mary
    Jeremia [je.re.ˈmi.ja] Jeremiah
    [+]Disyllabic words

    In disyllabic words that contain a high vowel and a homorganic glide, stress is on the penultimate:

    4
    dia ['di.ja] slide
    via ['vi.ja] via
    trio ['tri.jo] trio
    [+]Words containing schwa

    In words containing a schwa, the presence of this vowel can influence the stress placement (schwa cannot carry stress). In cases where the antepenultimate syllable contains a schwa, primary stress falls on the penultimate syllable with the high vowel. Examples, however, are scarce:

    5
    pizzeria [pi.tsə.ˈri.ja] pizzeria
    cafeteria [kɑ.fe.tə.ˈri.ja] cafeteria

    The word cafeteria deserves further attention: Dutch speakers seem to have two ways of pronouncing that word: in the (less frequent) pronunciation provided above [kɑ.fe.tə.ˈri.ja], the third syllable contains a schwa. In this case, we find penultimate stress on the high vowel; that is, the high-vowel-plus-homorganic-glide restriction is disobeyed. In a second pronunciation (which is given as standard by Dutch dictionaries; [kɑ.fe.ˈta.ri.ja]), the antepenultimate syllable contains an [a] instead of a schwa. This again influences the stress assignment: stress falls on the antepenultimate position of the word; thus, the high-vowel-plus-homorganic-glide restriction is satisfied.

    When the final, glide-initial syllable contains schwa [i.jə], stress can fall on the penultimate as well. This is not obligatory, though. (6a) contains forms with penultimate stress, the word in (6b) has antepenultimate stress:

    6
    a. vanille [va.ˈni.jə] vanilla
          peccadille [pɛ.ka.ˈdi.jə] pecadillo
          mantille [mɑn.ˈti.jə] mantilla
          escadrille [ɛs.ka.ˈdri.jə] escadrille
          pastille [pɑs.ˈti.jə] pastille
    b. Alexandrië [a.lɛk.ˈsɑn.dri.jə] Aleksandria

    Some examples where [ijə] avoids stress are presented below. These examples are mainly toponyms:

    7
    Australië [ɑu.ˈstra.li.jə] Australia
    Anatolië [a.na.ˈto.li.jə] Anatolia
    Argentinië [ɑr.ɤən.ˈti.ni.jə] Argentina
    Bosnië [ˈbɔs.ni.jə] Bosnia
    Brazilië [bra.ˈzi.li.jə] Brazil
    Ethiopië [e.ti.ˈjo.pi.jə] Ethiopia
    Georgië [ɣe.ˈjɔr.ɣi.jə] Georgia
    Indonesië [ɪn.do.ˈne.zi.jə] Indonesia
    agrariër [aɣ.ˈra.ri.jər] farmer
    vegetariër [ve.ɣe.ˈta.ri.jər] vegetarian
    [+]Word-internal combinations of /i/ plus glide

    The high-vowel-plus-homorganic-glide restriction does not hold for word-internal combinations of /i/ plus glide. In such cases, primary stress usually falls on the syllable beginning with the glide – stress on the high vowel is still avoided:

    8
    furioso [fy.ri.'jo.zo] furioso
    ravioli [ra.vi.'jo.li] ravioli
    curiosum [ky.ri.ˈjo.sʏm] curiosity
    hyena [hi.'je.na] hyena
    piama [pi.'ja.ma] pajamas
    piano [pi.'ja.no] piano
    tertiaris [tɛr.tsi.ˈja.rəs] third order
    tiara [ti.'ja.ra] tiara

    We were able to find one item where the high vowel receives primary stress. These items, however, are highly infrequent:

    9
    Tiamat [ˈti.ja.mɑt] Tiamat
    [+]Non-homorganic high vowel plus glide sequences

    Stress on a syllable preceding the glide is possible in cases where a) the vowel is not high, and b) the vowel and the glide are not homorganic:

    10
    sequoia [se.ˈkʋo.ja] sequoia
    kabaja [ka.'ba.ja] kebaya
    papaja [pa.'pa.ja] papaya
    maracuja [ma.ra.'ky.ja] passion fruit
    halleluja [hɑ.le.ˈly.ja] hallelujah

    Furthermore, stress is not prohibited in cases where the final glide-initial syllable is closed; the vowel in that syllable can be tense or lax:

    11
    capriool [kɑ.pri.ˈjol] silly trick
    gladiool [xla.di.'jol] gladiolus
    kaviaar [ka.vi.'jar] caviar
    legioen [le.ɣi.ˈjun] legion
    bastion [bɑs.ti.ˈjɔn] bastion
    champignon [ʃɑm.pi.ˈjɔn] champignon
    lampion [lɑm.pi.ˈjɔn] paper lantern
    proviand [pro.vi.ˈjɑnt] provisions

    Note, however, that stress is avoided in words that end in -ium (often chemical elements):

    12
    cadmium [ˈkɑt.mi.jʏm] cadmium
    calcium [ˈkɑl.si.jʏm] calcium
    hafnium [ˈhɑf.ni.jʏm] hafnium
    holmium [ˈhɔl.mi.jʏm] holmium
    barium [ˈba.ri.jʏm] barium
    [+]Stress-shifting effect of word-final vowel plus homorganic glide

    When the endings -ia or -io are added to a toponym to form names, this leads to a stress shift in cases where the toponym does not have final stress:

    13
    Finlandia [fɪn.ˈlɑn.di.ja] company name
    Hollandia [hɔ.ˈlɑn.di.ja] company name
    Hollandio [hɔ.ˈlɑn.di.jo] radio station
    References
      About this article
      Author(s): Björn Köhnlein
      Category: Dutch Phonology
      Keywords: stressrestriction
      Version: 1.0, December 2015
      Version history:
      version editor(s) date remarks
      1.0 Björn Köhnlein December 2015
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