- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
This section discusses the use of allemaal external to the noun phrase. We consider allemaal used as an independent syntactic constituent (argument, predicate and adjunct) as well as its prototypical use as a floating quantifier.
Allemaal cannot readily appear as an argument on its own. It is unacceptable as an argument of the verb, although it can marginally be used as the complement of a preposition provided that its implicit antecedent is animate (preferably human); see the contrast between (136d) and (137d).
a. | * | Allemaal | zijn | uitgenodigd. |
altogether | are | invited |
b. | * | Hij | heeft | allemaal | uitgenodigd. |
he | has | altogether | invited |
c. | * | Hij | heeft | allemaal | een uitnodiging | gestuurd. |
he | has | altogether | an invitation | sent |
d. | ? | Hij | heeft | een uitnodiging | aan allemaal | gestuurd. |
he | has | an invitation | to altogether | sent |
a. | * | Allemaal | zijn | gefiatteerd. |
altogether | are | okayed |
b. | * | Hij | heeft | allemaal | gefiatteerd. |
he | has | altogether | okayed |
c. | * | Hij | heeft | allemaal | zijn fiat | gegeven. |
he | has | altogether | his okay | given |
d. | * | Hij | heeft | zijn fiat | aan allemaal | gegeven. |
he | has | his okay | to altogether | given |
The animacy contrast between (136d) and (137d) is perhaps somewhat delicate, but seems real; further illustration is offered by the minimal pair in (138). We are not aware of specific proposals in the literature that seek to accommodate the restricted behavior of allemaal in comparison with the al-quantifiers that can be used as independent arguments.
a. | ?? | Wat die mensen betreft, | ik | heb | over allemaal | gesproken. |
what those people concerns | I | have | about altogether | spoken |
b. | * | Wat die voorstellen betreft, | ik | heb | over allemaal | nagedacht. |
what those proposals concerns | I | have | about altogether | thought |
The form allemaal cannot be used as a predicate either, regardless of the properties of the putative subject. The deviance of the examples in (139) bears this out.
a. | * | Dat | is | allemaal. |
that | is | altogether |
b. | * | Dat/Zij | zijn | allemaal. |
that/they | are | altogether |
This subsection shows that allemaal can readily be used a floating quantifier, but only marginally as a modifier. We will divide this subsection into three parts: Subsection A starts with cases in which the modified phrase/associate is a subject or an object, Subsection B discusses cases in which it is the complement of a PP, and Subsection C concludes with cases in which it is a predicate.
The ungrammatical examples in (136a-c) and (137a-c) become grammatical if an associate for the quantifier is added in the form of a complex noun phrase or a pronoun.
a. | Die mensen/Zij | zijn | gisteren | allemaal | uitgenodigd. | |
these people/they | are | yesterday | altogether | invited |
b. | Hij | heeft | die mensen/hen/ze | gisteren | allemaal | uitgenodigd. | |
he | has | those people/them | yesterday | altogether | invited |
c. | Hij | heeft | die mensen/hun/ze | gisteren | allemaal | een uitnodiging | gestuurd. | |
he | has | those people/them | yesterday | altogether | an invitation | sent |
a. | Die boeken/Ze | zijn | gisteren | allemaal | verkocht. | |
those books/they | are | yesterday | altogether | sold |
b. | Hij | heeft | die boeken/ze | gisteren | allemaal | verkocht. | |
he | has | those books/them | yesterday | altogether | sold |
c. | Hij | heeft | die boeken/ze | gisteren | allemaal | zijn fiat | gegeven. | |
he | has | those books/them | yesterday | altogether | his okay | given |
As with the other floating quantifiers, allemaal must follow its associate, unless it is placed in sentence-initial position and its associate is a weak pronoun; the examples in (142) and (143) are all degraded with the noun phrase die mensen/boeken'these people/books'.
a. | Allemaal zijn ze/*die mensen gisteren uitgenodigd. |
b. | Allemaal heeft hij ze/?hen/*die mensen gisteren uitgenodigd. |
c. | Allemaal heeft hij ze/?hun/*die mensen gisteren een uitnodiging | gestuurd. |
a. | Allemaal zijn ze/*die boeken gisteren verkocht. |
b. | Allemaal heeft hij ze/*die boeken gisteren verkocht. |
c. | Allemaal heeft hij ze/*die boeken gisteren zijn fiat | gegeven. |
That we are dealing with floating quantifiers in (142) and (143) is clear from the fact that the quantifier and its associate are not adjacent. Actually there is not much chance to mistake the floating quantifier allemaal as a modifier, since the latter use is not possible for allemaal if the noun phrase contains a determiner; cf. Table 9. This is demonstrated again by the examples in (144): since the noun phrase and the quantifier cannot simultaneously occupy the clause-initial position, we can safely conclude that they do not form a constituent. This shows again that the “quantifier float” terminology should be interpreted strictly metaphorically.
a. | * | <Allemaal> | die mensen <allemaal> | zijn | gisteren | uitgenodigd. |
altogether | those people | are | yesterday | invited |
b. | * | <Allemaal> | die boeken <allemaal> | zijn | gisteren | verkocht. |
altogether | those books | are | yesterday | sold |
However, recall from the discussion of the examples in (128) that the data are not so clear for pronouns. Although marked, example (145a) suggests that it is at least marginally possible for allemaal to function as a modifier of a strong pronoun: allemaal and the pronoun can be placed together in clause-initial position (the constituency test). The examples in (145b&c) show the same point as (145a) given that floating quantifiers normally cannot be scrambled across the adverb gisteren; cf. the discussion of the examples in (110) and (111).
a. | Zij <??allemaal> | zijn | gisteren <allemaal> | uitgenodigd. | |
they all | are | yesterday | prt.-invited |
b. | Hij | heeft | hen <??allemaal> | gisteren <allemaal> | uitgenodigd. | |
he | has | them all | yesterday | prt.-invited |
c. | Hij | heeft | hun <??allemaal> | gisteren <allemaal> | een uitnodiging | gestuurd. | |
he | has | them all | yesterday | an invitation | sent |
Of course, the quantifier allemaal is not able to form a constituent with a weak pronoun. We have seen in our discussion of alle in Section 7.1.2.2, sub IIB4, that this requires the pronoun to be strong.
a. | Ze <*allemaal> | zijn | gisteren <allemaal> | uitgenodigd. | |
they all | are | yesterday | prt.-invited |
b. | Hij | heeft | ze <*allemaal> | gisteren <allemaal> | uitgenodigd. | |
he | has | them all | yesterday | prt.-invited |
c. | Hij | heeft | ze <*allemaal> | gisteren <allemaal> | een uitnodiging | gestuurd. | |
he | has | them all | yesterday | an invitation | sent |
As in the case of all other al-quantifiers, the associate of the floating quantifier allemaal can be independently quantified, although some people may object to the primed examples for pragmatic reasons.
a. | Ik | heb | die dertig mensen | gisteren | allemaal | ontmoet. | |
I | have | those thirty people | yesterday | altogether | met |
b. | % | Ik | heb | die vele mensen | gisteren | allemaal | ontmoet. |
I | have | those many books | yesterday | altogether | met |
a. | Ik | heb | die dertig boeken | gisteren | allemaal | afgestoft. | |
I | have | those thirty books | yesterday | altogether | dusted |
b. | % | Ik | heb | die vele boeken | gisteren | allemaal | afgestoft. |
I | have | those many books | yesterday | altogether | dusted |
In this case, however, this fact cannot be used to argue against the “floating” approach, given that the examples in (149) are unacceptable for independent reasons; cf. the discussion of (144). Note in passing that our judgment of (149b) diverges from the one given in Coppen (1991: 133), who assigns it a mere question mark; our informants, however, rejected the two examples in (149) categorically.
a. | * | allemaal | die | dertig | mensen/boeken |
altogether | those | thirty | people/books |
b. | * | allemaal | die | vele | mensen/boeken |
altogether | those | many | people/books |
As is shown in (150), the floating quantifier allemaal seems freer than the other types of al-quantifiers in being able to take the neuter pronoun het'it', the singular demonstratives dit/dat'this/that', and the interrogative pronoun wat'what' as its associate.
a. | Het/Dit | is | allemaal/*alle/*allebei/*beide | verkocht. | |
it/this | has.been | altogether/all/all-both/both | sold | ||
'It has all been sold.' |
b. | Wat | heb | je | allemaal/*alle/*allebei/*beide | gelezen? | |
what | have | you | altogether/all/all-both/both | read | ||
'What sort of things did you read?' |
Note that, unlike the personal pronouns in (145), these pronouns certainly cannot be combined with the modifier allemaal: *Het allemaal is verkocht; *Wat allemaal heb je gelezen? At first sight this seems to constitute an argument against the “floating” approach, although it must be pointed out that there are reasons for assuming that the function of allemaal in these examples differs from that in the examples discussed earlier. First, it seems that allemaal can be used with an adverbial function: example (151a) seems to favor a reading in which het/dit refers to a set of entities which are all read, but it may also refer to a single entity which is fully read, a reading which is the only possible one for example (151b), featuring the adverbial helemaal.
a. | Ik | heb | het/dit | gisteren | allemaal | gelezen. | |
I | have | it/this | yesterday | altogether | read |
b. | Ik | heb | het/dit | gisteren | helemaal | gelezen. | |
I | have | it/this | yesterday | completely | read |
Second, the semantic contribution made by allemaal in the wh-constructions in (150) differs from ordinary universal quantification, and it can be replaced with preservation of meaning by zoal'(what) for instance/among other things' (lit.: so-all). This suggests that we can classify the use of allemaal in (150) as adverbial. If this is indeed the case, allemaal is the only al form that can be construed both as an adverb and as a floating quantifier.
Example (152a) shows that adding an associate to the marginal example (136d) gives rise to a more or less acceptable result if the associate is a complex noun phrase or a strong pronoun, but completely unacceptable if it is a weak pronoun. Adding an associate to the ungrammatical example in (137d), on the other hand, does not improve the result.
a. | Hij | heeft | een uitnodiging | aan ?die mensen/hen/*ze | allemaal | gestuurd. | |
he | has | an invitation | to those people/them/them | altogether | sent |
b. | * | Hij | heeft | aan die boeken/ze | allemaal | zijn fiat | gegeven. |
he | has | to those books/them | altogether | his okay | given |
The examples in (152) show that there exists a contrast between +human and -human associates of allemaal. A similar contrast was observed for al in (97b&b'). There we took the fact that the weak pronoun ze could not be used as evidence for the claim that the pronoun and the quantifier must form a constituent. This claim was also supported by the fact that scrambling and topicalization of the PP required pied piping of the quantifier. The examples in (152) seem to give a similar result with scrambling, as shown in (153a), but not with topicalization, as is shown in (153b); the quantifier allemaal can only be pied-piped in the former case. But, actually, the situation is more complex: (153c) shows that the scrambled PP need not be adjacent to the quantifier, and (153d) shows that the PP can be topicalized provided that the quantifier occupies the same position as in (153c).
a. | Hij heeft aan ?die mensen/hen <allemaal> een uitnodiging <*allemaal> gestuurd. |
b. | * | Aan die mensen/hen <allemaal> heeft hij een uitnodiging <allemaal> gestuurd. |
c. | (?) | Hij heeft aan ?die mensen/hen gisteren allemaal een uitnodiging gestuurd. |
d. | (?) | Aan die mensen/hen heeft hij gisteren allemaal een uitnodiging gestuurd. |
The data in (153) therefore suggest that allemaal can be generated either as part of the noun phrase or independently to the left of the base position of the PP; in the latter case the PP must be moved into some position to the left of the quantifier. Given this we may expect that R-pronominalization will give rise to an acceptable result as well, provided that the R-pronoun is moved into a position to the left of the independent quantifier. Although the examples are marked, the results in (154) seem indeed acceptable.
a. | (?) | de mensen | waar | hij gisteren | allemaal | een uitnodiging | aan | stuurde |
the people | where | he yesterday | altogether | an invitation | to | sent | ||
'the people to whom he sent an invitation yesterday' |
b. | ? | de voorstellen | waar | hij | gisteren | allemaal | zijn fiat | aan | gaf |
the proposal | where | he | yesterday | altogether | his okay | to | gave | ||
'the proposals to which he gave his okay yesterday' |
Given that (154a) with an indirect object sounds relatively marked, we provide two more natural examples in (155) involving PP-complements, which seem to be impeccable.
a. | de dingen | waar | een manager | allemaal | aan | moet | denken | |
the things | where | a manager | altogether | of | must | think | ||
'all the things that a manager has to think of' |
b. | de instrumenten | waar | hij | allemaal | op | kan | spelen | |
the instruments | where | he | altogether | on | can | play | ||
'the instruments that he can play (on)' |
In examples such as (156a), taken from Perridon (1997: 185), it is not immediately clear whether allemaal is a floating quantifier belonging to the subject wat je over mij vertelt or a modifier belonging to the predicate nominal leugens.
Wat | je | over mij | vertelt | zijn | allemaal | leugens. | ||
what | you | about me | tell | are | altogether | lies |
Semantically, (156) is not on a par with (157a), in which the quantifier clearly modifies the noun phrase, and in which allemaal can best be rendered as “all sorts of”. It instead patterns with (157b), in which allemaal has a very high degree reading; it is nothing but lies that you have been telling about me.
a. | Je | vertelt | allemaal | leugens | over mij. | |
you | tell | altogether | lies | about me |
b. | Het/Dit | zijn | allemaal | leugens | die | je | over mij | vertelt. | |
it/this | are | altogether | lies | that | you | about me | tell |
However, as was discussed in Section 7.1.5.1, sub IIC, it is not clear that the very high degree quantifier is part of the noun phrase. Evidence that allemaal in (156) and (157b) can be construed as a floating quantifier with the pronominal subject as its associate is given in (158), in which the nominal predicate is replaced by an adjectival one, which is, of course, not eligible for modification by allemaal; in these examples, at least, allemaal must be construed as a floating quantifier.
a. | Wat | je | over mij | vertelt, | is | allemaal | erg raar. | |
what | you | about me | tell | is | altogether | very strange |
b. | Het/Dit | is | allemaal | erg raar. | |
it | is | altogether | very strange |
One last point to add in connection with the independent and floating uses of allemaal is the fact that, in these uses, allemaal does not alternate with allerlei. All of the grammatical examples given in Subsection II with allemaal become unacceptable if allerlei replaces allemaal. In (159), we illustrate this with the aid of a number of concrete examples.
a. | * | Wat die mensen betreft, | hij | heeft | aan allerlei | een uitnodiging | gestuurd. |
what those people concerns | he | has | to all-sorts | an invitation | sent |
b. | * | Ik | heb | die boeken | gisteren | allerlei | verkocht. |
I | have | those books | yesterday | all-sorts | sold |
c. | * | Ik | heb | het | gisteren | allerlei | gelezen. |
I | have | it | yesterday | all-sorts | read |
In this regard, independent and floating allemaal differ from allemaal in bare plural noun phrases, which can readily be replaced with allerlei, usually with preservation of meaning: allemaal/allerlei boeken'all kinds of books'. See also example (124) in Section 7.1.5.1, sub IIA.
- 1991Specifying the noun phraseAmsterdamThesis Publishers
- 1997Totaliteit. Over het gebruik van de woorden <i>al(le)</i>, <i>heel</i>, <i>ieder</i> en <i>elk</i>Elffers, Els, Horst, Joop van der & Klooster, Wim (eds.)Grammaticaal spektakel. Artikelen aangeboden aan Ina Schermer-Vermeer bij haar afscheid van de Vakgroep Nederlandse Taalkunde aan de Universiteit van AmsterdamDutch department, University of Amsterdam181-190