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- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Stress shifts in loanwords
quickinfo
Whereas in Dutch the large majority of loanwords follow the stress pattern of the source language, there are cases where stress shifts have taken place. Some stress shifts in loanword adaptation have been described systematically in Gaarenstroom (1897:77-84); other data can be found in e.g. Booij (1977, 1995), van Lessen Kloeke (1973), Van Marle (1980), or Kager (1989). They can be divided into two groups: on the one hand, there are shifts in which the stress pattern of the loanword deviates systematically from that in the source language. On the other hand, there are items for which authors have noted (ongoing) stress shifts in loanwords. As to these observations, the evidence is always impressionistic: that is, to date, there has been no systematic, e.g. corpus-based, study of this matter. Therefore, these data have to be treated with care.
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[+]Systematic stress shifts in French loanwords
As noted by Gaarenstroom (1897) words ending in -ie [i:] in Dutch and -ion in French, do not have final stress (as in the source language); they have penultimate stress:
Table 1
| Original stress pattern (U, French) | Dutch stress pattern (PU) | English translation |
| ad.mis.'sion | admissie [ɑt.ˈmɪ.si] | admission |
| al.lo.cu.'tion | allocutie [ɑ.lo.ˈky.tsi] | allocution |
| am.bi.'tion | ambitie [ɑm.ˈbi.tsi] | ambition |
| com.mu.'nion | communie [kɔ.ˈmy.ni] | communion |
Note that not all words ending in –ie have penultimate stress in Dutch; most words derived from words ending in –ie in French have final stress, as in the source language.
Table 2
| Original stress pattern (U, French) | Dutch stress pattern (PU) | English translation |
| allego' rie | allegorie [ɑ.lə.ɣo.ˈri] | allegory |
| anar'chie | anarchie [ɑ.nɑr.ˈxi] | anarchy |
| anato'mie | anatomie [ɑ.na.to.ˈmi] | anatomy |
| econo'mie | economie [e.ko.no.'mi] | economy |
| encyclope'die | encyclopedie [ɛn.si.klo.pe.ˈdi] | encyclopedia |
| ener'gie | energie [e.nɛr.ˈʒi] | energy |
| jalou'sie | jalousie [ja.lu.'zi] | jealousy |
| melancho'lie | melancholie [me.laŋ.xo.ˈli] | melancholy |
| melo'die | melodie [me.lo.'di] | melody |
| prophe'tie | profetie [pro.fe.ˈsi] | prophecy |
Some other members of this group (words ending in –ie in Dutch as well as in French) have the original Latin penultimate stress:
Table 3
| Original stress pattern (PU, Latin) | Dutch stress pattern (PU) | English translation |
| aca'demie | academie [ɑ.ka.ˈde.mi] | academy |
| cere'monie | ceremonie [se.rə.ˈmo:.ni] | ceremony |
| ko'medie | komedie [ko.'me.di] | comedy |
| epi'demie | epidemie [e.pi.'de.mi] [e.pi.de.ˈmi] | epidemic |
| tra'gedie | tragedie [tra.ˈɣe.di] | tragedy |
[+]Other stress shifts
In the literature on Dutch stress, several authors have mentioned (more or less) frequent stress shifts that Dutch speakers produce in loanwords. That is, speakers pronounce stress in 'wrong' positions of the word (with the notion 'wrong' referring to the placement of primary stress on syllables other than those that are generally considered to be the correct location for primary stress). Some examples of stress shifts are mentioned below; the evidence is taken from van Lessen Kloeke (1973), Booij (1995), Van Marle (1980), and Kager (1989). Note, however, that these examples are not based on research on corpora but represent observations of the authors - thus, to confirm the patterns, additional research needs to be carried out. The following instances are provided:
Table 4: Stress shifts from the final syllable to the penult:
| Original pattern | Shifted pattern |
| democratie [de.mo.kra.'si] democracy | [de.mo.ˈkra.si] |
| hegemonie [he.ɣe.mo.ˈni] supremacy | [he.ɣe.ˈmo.ni] |
| amfibie [ˈɑm.fi.bi] amphibian | [ɑm.ˈfi.bi] |
| autopsie [ɑu.tɔp.ˈsi] autopsy | [ɑu.ˈtɔp.si] |
| epilepsie [e.pi.lɛp.ˈsi] epilepsy | [e.pi.ˈlɛp.si] |
| ozon [o.ˈzɔn] ozone | [ˈo.zɔn] |
| tampon [tɑm.ˈpɔn] tampon | [ˈtɑm.pɔn] |
| islam [ɪs.ˈlam] Islam | [ˈɪs.lam] |
| parfum [pɑr.ˈfʏm] perfume | [ˈpɑr.fʏm] |
| narcis [nɑr.ˈsɪs] narcissus | [ˈnɑr.sɪs] |
| Soedan [su.'dan] Sudan | [ˈsu.dan] |
| diftong [dɪf.ˈtɔŋ] diphthong | [ˈdɪf.tɔŋ] |
Table 5: Stress shifts from the antepenult to the penult:
| Original pattern | Shifted pattern |
| catalogus [ka.ˈta.lo.ɣʏs] catalog | [ka.ta.ˈlo.ɣʏs] |
| bungalow [ˈbʏŋ.ɣa.lo] bungalow | [bʏŋ.ˈɣa.lo] |
| normaliter [nɔr.ˈma.li.tɛr] normally | [nɔr.ma.ˈli.tɛr] |
| notulen [ˈno.ty.lə] protocol | [no.ˈty.lə] |
| pagina [ˈpa.ɣi.na] page | [pa.ˈɣi.na] |
| badminton [ˈbɛt.mɪn.tɔn] badminton | [bɛt.ˈmɪn.tɔn] |
| deposito [de.ˈpo.zi.to] deposit | [de.po.ˈzi.to] |
| petroleum [pe.ˈtro.le.jʏm] petroleum | [pe.tro.ˈle.jʏm] |
| exodus [ˈɛk.so.dʏs] exodus | [ɛk.ˈso.dʏs] |
| alibi [ˈa.li.bi] alibi | [a.ˈli.bi] |
| Helsinki [ˈhɛl.sɪŋ.ki] Helsinki | [hɛl.ˈsɪŋ.ki] |
| camera [ˈka.mə.ra] camera | [ka.ˈme.ra] |
Table 6: Stress shifts from the penult to the final syllable:
| Original pattern | Shifted pattern |
| Stockholm [ˈstɔk.hɔlm] Stockholm | [stɔk.ˈhɔlm] |
Table 7: Stress shifts from the penult to the antepenult:
| Original pattern | Shifted pattern |
| Caracas [ka.ˈra.kɑs] Caracas | [ˈka.ra.kɑs] |
| Tsjernobyl [tɕɪr.ˈno.bɨlʲ] Chernobyl | [ˈtʃɛr.no.bəl] |
| Honduras [hɔn.ˈdu.rɑs] Honduras | [ˈhɔn.du.rɑs] |
Table 8: Stress shifts from the final syllable to the antepenult:
| Original pattern | Shifted pattern |
| accordeon [ɑ.kɔr.de.ˈjɔn] accordion | [ɑ.ˈkɔr.de.jɔn] |
| kameleon [ka.me.le.ˈjɔn] chameleon | [ka.ˈme.le.jɔn] |
| carnaval [kɑr.na.ˈvɑl] carnival | [ˈkɑr.na.vɑl] |
| karamel [ka.ra.ˈmɛl] caramel | [ˈka.ra.mɛl] |
| charlatan [ʃɑr.la.ˈtɑn] charlatan | [ˈʃɑr.la.tɑn] |
References
- 1977Boundaries and the phonology of Dutchal., Wolfgang U. Dressler et (ed.)Phonologica 1976InnsbruckInstitut für Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck59-63
- 1995The phonology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- 1995The phonology of DutchOxfordOxford University Press
- 1897De klemtoon in de Nederlandsche taalCulemborgBlom & Olivierse
- 1897De klemtoon in de Nederlandsche taalCulemborgBlom & Olivierse
- 1989A Metrical Theory of Stress and Destressing in English and DutchDordrechtForis
- 1989A Metrical Theory of Stress and Destressing in English and DutchDordrechtForis
- 1973Dutch Word StressLinguistics in the Netherlands 1972-1973Assen/Amsterdam222--236
- 1973Dutch Word StressLinguistics in the Netherlands 1972-1973Assen/Amsterdam222--236
- 1980The Stress Patterns of Dutch Simplex Words: A First ApproximationDutch StudiesSpringer79-121
- 1980The Stress Patterns of Dutch Simplex Words: A First ApproximationDutch StudiesSpringer79-121
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