
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Afrikaans
- Dutch
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
- Frisian
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Afrikaans
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
Afrikaans has a core group of indefinite pronouns that does not come directly from other word classes (Ponelis 1979:101): iemand somebody, iets something, niemand nodoby, and niks nothing (1a-d).
a. | Iemand het so iets genoem, ja. | ||||||||||||||
somebody have.AUX so something mention.PST yes | |||||||||||||||
Somebody said something like that, yes. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
b. | Vra raad as jy oor iets twyfel. | ||||||||||||||
ask advice if you.SG about something doubt | |||||||||||||||
Ask for advice if you have doubts about something. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Maar dit weet niemand ook nie. | ||||||||||||||
but it know nobody also PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
But this nobody knows as well. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Werkers betaal niks aan die Fonds nie. | ||||||||||||||
workers pay nothing to the Fund PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Workers pay nothing to the Fund. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Other lexical items that are regularly used as indefinite pronouns include almal everybody, alles everything, elkeen each one, and forms that merged with enig any such as enigiemand anybody, enigiets anything, and enigeen anyone (2a-f).
a. | Almal moet uiteindelik ophou werk. | ||||||||||||||
everybody must.AUX.MOD eventually stop work | |||||||||||||||
Everybody have to stop working eventually. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Alles was perfek! | ||||||||||||||
everything be.PRT perfect | |||||||||||||||
Everything was perfect! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Oor elkeen van die sektore is 'n sektor-analise gedoen. | ||||||||||||||
about each.one of the sectors be.AUX.PASS.PST a sector.analysis do.PASS | |||||||||||||||
About each of the sectors a sector analysis was done. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
d. | Het enigiemand die ongeval sien gebeur? | ||||||||||||||
have.AUX anybody the accident see happen | |||||||||||||||
Did anybody see the accident happen? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
e. | Hou jou oë oop vir enigiets buitengewoon. | ||||||||||||||
keep your.SG eyes open for anyting extraordinary | |||||||||||||||
Keep your eyes open for anything out of the ordinary. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Nou kan dit enigeen wees. | ||||||||||||||
now can.AUX.MOD it anyone be | |||||||||||||||
Now it can be anyone. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Indefiniteness is an obvious inherent characteristic of indefinite pronouns. However, De Stadler (1989:340) points out that definiteness and indefiniteness are relative, and that definiteness should be viewed as a non-discrete semantic value. The class of indefinite pronouns is furthermore open, with items from other classes such as nouns, indefinite numerals, and W-words being used as indefinite pronouns (Ponelis 1979:100).
The core group of indefinite pronouns in Afrikaans consists of four members: iemand somebody, iets something, niemand nobody, and niks nothing. The first two are the positive variants and the other to the negative variants; iemand and niemand are further used for reference to people and iets and niks for reference to inanimate objects (3a-d). The diminutive form ietsie something small is also used ocasionally (3e).
a. | Maak seker dat daar altyd iemand by die vuur is terwyl dit brand. | ||||||||||||||
make sure that.COMP there always somebody at the fire be.PRS while it burn | |||||||||||||||
Ensure that there is always somebody at the fire while it burns. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Iets maak nog nie vir my sin nie. | ||||||||||||||
something make still not for me sense PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Something still does not make sense to me. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Die ligte is aan maar niemand is by die huis nie. | ||||||||||||||
the lights be.PRS on but nobody be.PRS at the house PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
The lights are one but nobody is home. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Ek wil niks na 'n sedeles laat klink nie. | ||||||||||||||
I want.to.AUX.MOD nothing like a moral.lesson let sound PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I want nothing to sound like a moral lesson. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Kan jy dalk so ietsie meer omtrent hulle vertel? | ||||||||||||||
can.AUX.MOD you.SG maybe so something.DIM more about them tell | |||||||||||||||
Can you maybe tell something more about them? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
The next group of indefinite pronouns originated from being quantifiers that took on independent pronoun functions (Ponelis 1993:222): almal everybody (4a) and alles everything (4b). A shortened variant of alles is als (4c). Another member of this group is elkeen each one (4d), with an archaic equivalent iedereen each one (4e) that is rarely used anymore. The quantifier elke each is still used productively, while iedere each is rarely used apart from fixed expressions such as (4f).
a. | Die geriewe is almal geleë in asemrowende omgewings. | ||||||||||||||
the facilities be.PRS everyone located in breathtaking surroundings | |||||||||||||||
The Facilities are all located in breathtaking surroundings. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Ek voel so sleg oor alles. | ||||||||||||||
I feel so bad about everything | |||||||||||||||
I feel so bad about everything. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Maar, dit is als ou nuus en vervelig. | ||||||||||||||
but it be.PRS everything old news and boring | |||||||||||||||
But, it is all old news and boring. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Dit beteken ook dat elkeen 'n blyplek van sy eie sal hê waarop hy of sy trots kan wees. | ||||||||||||||
it mean also that.COMP everyone a stay.place of his own will.AUX.MOD have.INF REL.on he or she proud can.AUX.MOD be.INF | |||||||||||||||
It also means that everyone gets a place of their own to stay, that he or she can be proud of. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Dit sal iedereen tog seker vir goed wil nalaat! | ||||||||||||||
it will.AUX.MOD each.one then maybe for good want leave | |||||||||||||||
Each one would surely want to leave it behind for good. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Ek dink ieder en elk van ons was al deur diep waters en tye. | ||||||||||||||
I think each and each of us be.PRT already through deep waters and times | |||||||||||||||
I think each and every one of us has been through deep waters and difficult times. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Another group of indefinite pronouns consists of the quantifier enige any that merges with the pronouns iemand and iets and the numeral een one to form enigiemand anybody (5a), enigiets anything (5b) and enigeen anyone (5c).
a. | Moenie met enigiemand geselsies aanknoop nie. | ||||||||||||||
must.not.AUX.MOD with anybody chat.DIM.PL enter.into PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Don't enter into any chats with anybody. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | As jy onseker is oor enigiets in die tender, vra! | ||||||||||||||
if you.SG uncertain be.PRS about anything in the tender ask | |||||||||||||||
If you are uncertain about anything in the tender, ask! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
c. | 'n Wenner in enigeen se boek! | ||||||||||||||
a winner in anyone PTCL.GEN book | |||||||||||||||
A winner in anyone's book! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Indefinite pronouns can take premodifiers in certain circumstances. Adjectives (6a-g) and phrases (6h) are sometimtes used.
a. | So iets sal nie geduld word nie. | ||||||||||||||
such something will.AUX.MOD not tolerate.PASS be.AUX.PASS.PRS PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Such a thing will not be tolerated. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Ek het nie so iemand in die stad gekry nie. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX not such somebody in the city find.PST PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I did not find somebody like that in the city. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Daar was byna niemand op straat nie. | ||||||||||||||
there be.PRT almost nobody on street PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
There was almost nobody on the street. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Maar daar is absoluut niks van die aard nie. | ||||||||||||||
but there be.PRS absolutely nothing of the nature PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
But there is absolutely nothing of the kind. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Hulle het my byna alles geleer wat ek weet. | ||||||||||||||
they have.AUX me almost everything teach.PST that.REL I know | |||||||||||||||
They taught me almost everything I know. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | En omtrent almal het al deur jou gesien. | ||||||||||||||
and about everybody have.AUX through you.SG see.PST | |||||||||||||||
And just about everybody has seen through you. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | Want amper elkeen kan so 'n storie van toeval vertel. | ||||||||||||||
because almost everyone can.AUX.MOD such a story of coincidence tell | |||||||||||||||
Because almost everyone can tell such as story of coincidence. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
h. | Ek koop altyd een of ander iets daar voor ek uitstap. | ||||||||||||||
I buy always one or other something there before I out.walk | |||||||||||||||
I always buy some or other thing before I walk out of there. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Furthermore, determiners such as indefinite articles (7a-b) and demonstratives (7c-f) are also used.
a. | Ek vergaan tot 'n volkome niks. | ||||||||||||||
I perish to a complete nothing | |||||||||||||||
I perish into complete nothingness. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Nadat almal 'n ietsie geëet het, bekyk ons die taak wat vir ons voorlê. | ||||||||||||||
after everybody a something.DIM eat.PST have.AUX view we the task that.REL for us ahead.lie | |||||||||||||||
After everybody ate a little something, we viewed that taks lying ahead of us. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Skielik het daardie iemand 'n naam. | ||||||||||||||
suddenly have.PRS that somebody a name | |||||||||||||||
Suddenly that somebody has a name. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Na drie jaar is daardie iets tussen hulle steeds daar. | ||||||||||||||
after three year be.PRS that something between them still there | |||||||||||||||
After three years that something between them is still there. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Hierdie iemand kan jy wees! | ||||||||||||||
this somebody can.AUX.MOD you.SG be.INF | |||||||||||||||
This somebody can be you! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Daar was net hierdie iets wat ontbreek het. | ||||||||||||||
there be.PST just this something that.REL missing have.AUX | |||||||||||||||
There was just this something still missing. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Indefinite pronouns are commonly found with PPs as postmodifiers, illustrated in (8).
a. | Iemand by my werk het 'n video van die naweek gemaak. | ||||||||||||||
somebody at my work have.AUX a video of the weekend make.PST | |||||||||||||||
Somebody from work make a video of the weekend. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Ek kan met eerlikheid sê ek ken niemand met so 'n passie vir 'n museum nie. | ||||||||||||||
I can.AUX.MOD with honesty say I know nobody with such a passion for a museum PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I can honestly say I know nobody with such a passion for a museum. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Niks in die natuur is absoluut staties nie. | ||||||||||||||
nothing in the nature be.PRS absolutely static PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Nothing in nature is absolutely static. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | In elke verhaal is iets met vlerke. | ||||||||||||||
in every tale be.PRS something with wings | |||||||||||||||
In every tale there is something with wings. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Ek het haar lief met alles in my. | ||||||||||||||
I have her love with everything in me | |||||||||||||||
I love her with everything in me. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
f. | Later voel jy deel van die stuk, tussen almal op die verhoog. | ||||||||||||||
later feel you.SG part of the piece between everybody on the stage | |||||||||||||||
Later you feel part of the piece, between everybody on the stage. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
Furthermore, indefinite pronouns also regularly take relative clauses as postmodifiers, as can be seen in (9).
a. | Gaan praat met iemand wat logies dink en objektief kan luister. | ||||||||||||||
go talk with somebody that.REL logically think and objectively can.AUX.MOD listen | |||||||||||||||
Go and talk with somebody that thinks logically and can listen objectively. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Maar daar is niemand wat omdraai nie. | ||||||||||||||
but there be.PRS nobody that.REL around.turn PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
But there is nobody that turns around. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Is daar iets wat ek kan doen om haar te help? | ||||||||||||||
be.PRS there something that.REL I can.AUX.MOD do for.COMP her PTCL.INF help.INF | |||||||||||||||
Is there something that I can do to help her? | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | Niks wat ek gedoen het, was ooit reg nie. | ||||||||||||||
nothing that.REL I do.PST have.AUX be.PRT ever right PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
Nothing that I did was every right. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Luister na alles wat ek vir julle gesê het. | ||||||||||||||
listen to everything that.REL I for you.PL say.PST have.AUX | |||||||||||||||
Listen to everything that I said to you. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Dankie aan almal wat moeite gedoen het om te kom. | ||||||||||||||
thanks to everybody that.REL trouble do.PST have.AUX for.COMP PTCL.INF come.INF | |||||||||||||||
Thanks to everybody who went to the trouble of coming. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO, adapted |
Finally, indefinite pronouns also take adjectives as postmodifiers. There is an -s suffix for the adjective that is relic from the Middle Dutch partitive (Ponelis 1993:221), although it is not always added, as in (10a). Examples with the -s are (10b-d). An adjective frequently used with indefinite pronouns is anders else (10e-i), and because it ends with an -s the issue of whether or not to use the partitive suffix is eliminated.
a. | Sê elke dag iets mooi vir jou pa, ma, boeties en sussies. | ||||||||||||||
say every day something beautiful to your dad mom brother.DIM.PL and sister.DIM.PL | |||||||||||||||
Say something beautiful to your dad, mom, brothers and sisters every day. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Maak dié jaar heerlike tuisgemaakte Kersgeskenke vir iemand spesiaals! | ||||||||||||||
make this year delicious home.made Christmas.gifts for somebody special | |||||||||||||||
Make lovely home made Christmas gifts for somebody special this year! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Klimaatsverandering is niks nuuts nie; dit het al voorheen gebeur. | ||||||||||||||
climate.change be.PRS nothing new PTCL.NEG it have.AUX before happen | |||||||||||||||
Climate change is nothing new; it has happened before. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | 'n Moulose Polar Fleece, net reg vir daardie dae wat ons nie te warm wil aantrek nie, maar tog nog steeds ietsie warms om die lyf wil hê. | ||||||||||||||
a sleeveless polar fleece just right for those days that.REL we not too warm want dress PTCL.NEG but then yet still something.DIM warm around the body want.to.AUX.MOD have.INF | |||||||||||||||
A sleeveless Polar Fleece, just right for those days that we don't want to dress too warmly, but still want something warm around the body. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | U moet dus bewys dat iemand anders nalatig was. | ||||||||||||||
you.HON must.AUX.MOD then prove that.COMP somebody else negligent be.PRT | |||||||||||||||
You have to prove that somebody else was negligent, then. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
f. | Dit is ek en niemand anders nie! | ||||||||||||||
it be.PRS I and nobody else PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
It is me and nobody else! | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
g. | Ek het feitlik in niks anders belanggestel nie. | ||||||||||||||
I have.AUX almost in nothing else interest.PST PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
I was interested in almost nothing else. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
h. | Letterkunde is iets anders as geskiedenis. | ||||||||||||||
literature be.PRS something else than history | |||||||||||||||
Literature is something different than history. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
i. | Almal bespiegel oor almal anders. | ||||||||||||||
everybody speculate about everybody else | |||||||||||||||
Everybody speculates about everybody else. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
It was already mentioned that certain indefinite pronouns developed from quantifiers. These words are still used as quantifiers, almal (11a), alles (11b) and elkeen (11c). However, the core indefinite pronouns are also used as quantifiers. In (11d), niks is used instead of the quantifier geen none, and in (11e), iets is used in the context where bietjie little would otherwise be used.
a. | Jy sal nie na almal van hulle kan kyk nie. | ||||||||||||||
you.SG will.AUX.MOD not to everybody of them can watch PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
You will not be able to watch every one of them. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
b. | Moses se rol in dit alles is eintlik weglaatbaar. | ||||||||||||||
Moses PTCL.GEN role in it everything be.PRS actually negligible | |||||||||||||||
Moses's role in it all is actually negligible. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
c. | Ewe flink word vir ons elkeen 'n stywe dop geskink. | ||||||||||||||
equally quickly be.AUX.PASS.PRS for use each.one a stiff drink pour.PASS | |||||||||||||||
Equally quicly a drink is poured for each of us. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
d. | En die vervreemding neem toe omdat jy byna niks mense sien nie. | ||||||||||||||
and the alienation take up because you.SG almost nothing people see PTCL.NEG | |||||||||||||||
And the alienation increases because you see almost no people. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
e. | Julene se ma het iets oor die R100 000 gekry. | ||||||||||||||
Julene PTCL.GEN mom have.AUX something over the R100 000 receive.PST | |||||||||||||||
Juelen's mom received something over R100 000. | |||||||||||||||
VivA-KPO |
- De Stadler, L.G1989Afrikaanse semantiek.Southern Boekuitgewers
- Ponelis, F1993The development of Afrikaans.ReeksP. Lang
- Ponelis, F1993The development of Afrikaans.ReeksP. Lang
- Ponelis, Frits A1979Afrikaanse sintaksisPretoriaJ.L. van Schaik
- Ponelis, Frits A1979Afrikaanse sintaksisPretoriaJ.L. van Schaik
