/ instituut voor de Nederlandse taal / Taalportaal
- Dutch
- Frisian
- Saterfrisian
- Afrikaans
Show all
-
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological processes
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Word stress
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Monomorphemic words
- Diachronic aspects
- Generalizations on stress placement
- Default penultimate stress
- Lexical stress
- The closed penult restriction
- Final closed syllables
- The diphthong restriction
- Superheavy syllables (SHS)
- The three-syllable window
- Segmental restrictions
- Phonetic correlates
- Stress shifts in loanwords
- Quantity-sensitivity
- Secondary stress
- Vowel reduction in unstressed syllables
- Stress in complex words
- Primary stress in simplex words
- Accent & intonation
- Clitics
- Spelling
- Morphology
- Word formation
- Compounding
- Nominal compounds
- Verbal compounds
- Adjectival compounds
- Affixoids
- Coordinative compounds
- Synthetic compounds
- Reduplicative compounds
- Phrase-based compounds
- Elative compounds
- Exocentric compounds
- Linking elements
- Separable complex verbs (SCVs)
- Gapping of complex words
- Particle verbs
- Copulative compounds
- Derivation
- Numerals
- Derivation: inputs and input restrictions
- The meaning of affixes
- Non-native morphology
- Cohering and non-cohering affixes
- Prefixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixation: person nouns
- Conversion
- Pseudo-participles
- Bound forms
- Nouns
- Nominal prefixes
- Nominal suffixes
- -aal and -eel
- -aar
- -aard
- -aat
- -air
- -aris
- -ast
- Diminutives
- -dom
- -een
- -ees
- -el (nominal)
- -elaar
- -enis
- -er (nominal)
- -erd
- -erik
- -es
- -eur
- -euse
- ge...te
- -heid
- -iaan, -aan
- -ief
- -iek
- -ier
- -ier (French)
- -ière
- -iet
- -igheid
- -ij and allomorphs
- -ijn
- -in
- -ing
- -isme
- -ist
- -iteit
- -ling
- -oir
- -oot
- -rice
- -schap
- -schap (de)
- -schap (het)
- -sel
- -st
- -ster
- -t
- -tal
- -te
- -voud
- Verbs
- Adjectives
- Adverbs
- Univerbation
- Neo-classical word formation
- Construction-dependent morphology
- Morphological productivity
- Compounding
- Inflection
- Inflection and derivation
- Allomorphy
- The interface between phonology and morphology
- Word formation
- Syntax
- Preface and acknowledgements
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of verb phrases I:Argument structure
- 3 Projection of verb phrases II:Verb frame alternations
- Introduction
- 3.1. Main types
- 3.2. Alternations involving the external argument
- 3.3. Alternations of noun phrases and PPs
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.3.1.1. Dative alternation with aan-phrases (recipients)
- 3.3.1.2. Dative alternation with naar-phrases (goals)
- 3.3.1.3. Dative alternation with van-phrases (sources)
- 3.3.1.4. Dative alternation with bij-phrases (possessors)
- 3.3.1.5. Dative alternation with voor-phrases (benefactives)
- 3.3.1.6. Conclusion
- 3.3.1.7. Bibliographical notes
- 3.3.2. Accusative/PP alternations
- 3.3.3. Nominative/PP alternations
- 3.3.1. Dative/PP alternations (dative shift)
- 3.4. Some apparent cases of verb frame alternation
- 3.5. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of verb phrases IIIa:Selection of clauses/verb phrases
- 5 Projection of verb phrases IIIb:Argument and complementive clauses
- Introduction
- 5.1. Finite argument clauses
- 5.2. Infinitival argument clauses
- 5.3. Complementive clauses
- 6 Projection of verb phrases IIIc:Complements of non-main verbs
- 7 Projection of verb phrases IIId:Verb clusters
- 8 Projection of verb phrases IV: Adverbial modification
- 9 Word order in the clause I:General introduction
- 10 Word order in the clause II:Position of the finite verb (verb-first/second)
- 11 Word order in the clause III:Clause-initial position (wh-movement)
- Introduction
- 11.1. The formation of V1- and V2-clauses
- 11.2. Clause-initial position remains (phonetically) empty
- 11.3. Clause-initial position is filled
- 12 Word order in the clause IV:Postverbal field (extraposition)
- 13 Word order in the clause V: Middle field (scrambling)
- 14 Main-clause external elements
- Nouns and Noun Phrases
- 1 Characterization and classification
- 2 Projection of noun phrases I: complementation
- Introduction
- 2.1. General observations
- 2.2. Prepositional and nominal complements
- 2.3. Clausal complements
- 2.4. Bibliographical notes
- 3 Projection of noun phrases II: modification
- Introduction
- 3.1. Restrictive and non-restrictive modifiers
- 3.2. Premodification
- 3.3. Postmodification
- 3.3.1. Adpositional phrases
- 3.3.2. Relative clauses
- 3.3.3. Infinitival clauses
- 3.3.4. A special case: clauses referring to a proposition
- 3.3.5. Adjectival phrases
- 3.3.6. Adverbial postmodification
- 3.4. Bibliographical notes
- 4 Projection of noun phrases III: binominal constructions
- Introduction
- 4.1. Binominal constructions without a preposition
- 4.2. Binominal constructions with a preposition
- 4.3. Bibliographical notes
- 5 Determiners: articles and pronouns
- Introduction
- 5.1. Articles
- 5.2. Pronouns
- 5.3. Bibliographical notes
- 6 Numerals and quantifiers
- 7 Pre-determiners
- Introduction
- 7.1. The universal quantifier al 'all' and its alternants
- 7.2. The pre-determiner heel 'all/whole'
- 7.3. A note on focus particles
- 7.4. Bibliographical notes
- 8 Syntactic uses of noun phrases
- Adjectives and Adjective Phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- 2 Projection of adjective phrases I: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adjective phrases II: Modification
- 4 Projection of adjective phrases III: Comparison
- 5 Attributive use of the adjective phrase
- 6 Predicative use of the adjective phrase
- 7 The partitive genitive construction
- 8 Adverbial use of the adjective phrase
- 9 Participles and infinitives: their adjectival use
- 10 Special constructions
- Adpositions and adpositional phrases
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Introduction
- 1.1. Characterization of the category adposition
- 1.2. A formal classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3. A semantic classification of adpositional phrases
- 1.3.1. Spatial adpositions
- 1.3.2. Temporal adpositions
- 1.3.3. Non-spatial/temporal prepositions
- 1.4. Borderline cases
- 1.5. Bibliographical notes
- 2 Projection of adpositional phrases: Complementation
- 3 Projection of adpositional phrases: Modification
- 4 Syntactic uses of the adpositional phrase
- 5 R-pronominalization and R-words
- 1 Characteristics and classification
- Phonology
-
- General
- Phonology
- Segment inventory
- Phonotactics
- Phonological Processes
- Assimilation
- Vowel nasalization
- Syllabic sonorants
- Final devoicing
- Fake geminates
- Vowel hiatus resolution
- Vowel reduction introduction
- Schwa deletion
- Schwa insertion
- /r/-deletion
- d-insertion
- {s/z}-insertion
- t-deletion
- Intrusive stop formation
- Breaking
- Vowel shortening
- h-deletion
- Replacement of the glide w
- Word stress
- Clitics
- Allomorphy
- Orthography of Frisian
- Morphology
- Inflection
- Word formation
- Derivation
- Prefixation
- Infixation
- Suffixation
- Nominal suffixes
- Verbal suffixes
- Adjectival suffixes
- Adverbial suffixes
- Numeral suffixes
- Interjectional suffixes
- Onomastic suffixes
- Conversion
- Compositions
- Derivation
- Syntax
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Unergative and unaccusative subjects
- Evidentiality
- To-infinitival clauses
- Predication and noun incorporation
- Ellipsis
- Imperativus-pro-Infinitivo
- Expression of irrealis
- Embedded Verb Second
- Agreement
- Negation
- Nouns & Noun Phrases
- Classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Partitive noun constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Nominalised quantifiers
- Kind partitives
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Bare nominal attributions
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers and (pre)determiners
- Interrogative pronouns
- R-pronouns
- Syntactic uses
- Adjective Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification and degree quantification
- Comparison by degree
- Comparative
- Superlative
- Equative
- Attribution
- Agreement
- Attributive adjectives vs. prenominal elements
- Complex adjectives
- Noun ellipsis
- Co-occurring adjectives
- Predication
- Partitive adjective constructions
- Adverbial use
- Participles and infinitives
- Adposition Phrases
- Characteristics and classification
- Complementation
- Modification
- Intransitive adpositions
- Predication
- Preposition stranding
- Verbs and Verb Phrases
-
- General
- Morphology
- Morphology
- 1 Word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 1.1.1 Compounds and their heads
- 1.1.2 Special types of compounds
- 1.1.2.1 Affixoids
- 1.1.2.2 Coordinative compounds
- 1.1.2.3 Synthetic compounds and complex pseudo-participles
- 1.1.2.4 Reduplicative compounds
- 1.1.2.5 Phrase-based compounds
- 1.1.2.6 Elative compounds
- 1.1.2.7 Exocentric compounds
- 1.1.2.8 Linking elements
- 1.1.2.9 Separable Complex Verbs and Particle Verbs
- 1.1.2.10 Noun Incorporation Verbs
- 1.1.2.11 Gapping
- 1.2 Derivation
- 1.3 Minor patterns of word formation
- 1.1 Compounding
- 2 Inflection
- 1 Word formation
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
- 0 Introduction to the AP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of APs
- 2 Complementation of APs
- 3 Modification and degree quantification of APs
- 4 Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative
- 5 Attribution of APs
- 6 Predication of APs
- 7 The partitive adjective construction
- 8 Adverbial use of APs
- 9 Participles and infinitives as APs
- Nouns and Noun Phrases (NPs)
- 0 Introduction to the NP
- 1 Characteristics and Classification of NPs
- 2 Complementation of NPs
- 3 Modification of NPs
- 3.1 Modification of NP by Determiners and APs
- 3.2 Modification of NP by PP
- 3.3 Modification of NP by adverbial clauses
- 3.4 Modification of NP by possessors
- 3.5 Modification of NP by relative clauses
- 3.6 Modification of NP in a cleft construction
- 3.7 Free relative clauses and selected interrogative clauses
- 4 Partitive noun constructions and constructions related to them
- 4.1 The referential partitive construction
- 4.2 The partitive construction of abstract quantity
- 4.3 The numerical partitive construction
- 4.4 The partitive interrogative construction
- 4.5 Adjectival, nominal and nominalised partitive quantifiers
- 4.6 Kind partitives
- 4.7 Partitive predication with a preposition
- 4.8 Bare nominal attribution
- 5 Articles and names
- 6 Pronouns
- 7 Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- 8 Interrogative pronouns
- 9 R-pronouns and the indefinite expletive
- 10 Syntactic functions of Noun Phrases
- Adpositions and Adpositional Phrases (PPs)
- 0 Introduction to the PP
- 1 Characteristics and classification of PPs
- 2 Complementation of PPs
- 3 Modification of PPs
- 4 Bare (intransitive) adpositions
- 5 Predication of PPs
- 6 Form and distribution of adpositions with respect to staticity and construction type
- 7 Adpositional complements and adverbials
- Verbs and Verb Phrases (VPs)
- 0 Introduction to the VP in Saterland Frisian
- 1 Characteristics and classification of verbs
- 2 Unergative and unaccusative subjects and the auxiliary of the perfect
- 3 Evidentiality in relation to perception and epistemicity
- 4 Types of to-infinitival constituents
- 5 Predication
- 5.1 The auxiliary of being and its selection restrictions
- 5.2 The auxiliary of going and its selection restrictions
- 5.3 The auxiliary of continuation and its selection restrictions
- 5.4 The auxiliary of coming and its selection restrictions
- 5.5 Modal auxiliaries and their selection restrictions
- 5.6 Auxiliaries of body posture and aspect and their selection restrictions
- 5.7 Transitive verbs of predication
- 5.8 The auxiliary of doing used as a semantically empty finite auxiliary
- 5.9 Supplementive predication
- 6 The verbal paradigm, irregularity and suppletion
- 7 Verb Second and the word order in main and embedded clauses
- 8 Various aspects of clause structure
- Adjectives and adjective phrases (APs)
-
- General
- Phonology
- Afrikaans phonology
- Segment inventory
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- The diphthongised long vowels /e/, /ø/ and /o/
- The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /ɑ/
- The unrounded low-central vowel /a/
- The rounded mid-high back vowel /ɔ/
- The rounded high back vowel /u/
- The rounded and unrounded high front vowels /i/ and /y/
- The unrounded and rounded central vowels /ə/ and /œ/
- The diphthongs /əi/, /œy/ and /œu/
- Overview of Afrikaans consonants
- The bilabial plosives /p/ and /b/
- The alveolar plosives /t/ and /d/
- The velar plosives /k/ and /g/
- The bilabial nasal /m/
- The alveolar nasal /n/
- The velar nasal /ŋ/
- The trill /r/
- The lateral liquid /l/
- The alveolar fricative /s/
- The velar fricative /x/
- The labiodental fricatives /f/ and /v/
- The approximants /ɦ/, /j/ and /ʋ/
- Overview of Afrikaans vowels
- Word stress
- The phonetic properties of stress
- Primary stress on monomorphemic words in Afrikaans
- Background to primary stress in monomorphemes in Afrikaans
- Overview of the Main Stress Rule of Afrikaans
- The short vowels of Afrikaans
- Long vowels in monomorphemes
- Primary stress on diphthongs in monomorphemes
- Exceptions
- Stress shifts in place names
- Stress shift towards word-final position
- Stress pattern of reduplications
- Phonological processes
- Vowel related processes
- Consonant related processes
- Homorganic glide insertion
- Phonology-morphology interface
- Phonotactics
- Morphology
- Syntax
- Afrikaans syntax
- Nouns and noun phrases
- Characteristics of the NP
- Classification of nouns
- Complementation of NPs
- Modification of NPs
- Binominal and partitive constructions
- Referential partitive constructions
- Partitive measure nouns
- Numeral partitive constructions
- Partitive question constructions
- Partitive constructions with nominalised quantifiers
- Partitive predication with prepositions
- Binominal name constructions
- Binominal genitive constructions
- Bare nominal attribution
- Articles and names
- Pronouns
- Quantifiers, determiners and predeterminers
- Syntactic uses of the noun phrase
- Adjectives and adjective phrases
- Characteristics and classification of the AP
- Complementation of APs
- Modification and Degree Quantification of APs
- Comparison by comparative, superlative and equative degree
- Attribution of APs
- Predication of APs
- The partitive adjective construction
- Adverbial use of APs
- Participles and infinitives as adjectives
- Verbs and verb phrases
- Characterisation and classification
- Argument structure
- Verb frame alternations
- Complements of non-main verbs
- Verb clusters
- Complement clauses
- Adverbial modification
- Word order in the clause: Introduction
- Word order in the clause: position of the finite Verb
- Word order in the clause: Clause-initial position
- Word order in the clause: Extraposition and right-dislocation in the postverbal field
- Word order in the middle field
- Emphatic constructions
- Adpositions and adposition phrases
/r/-deletion in complex words derived with a suffix containing the vowel schwa
quickinfo
The subject of this topic is /r/-deletion in complex words derived with a suffix which contains the vowel schwa. This appears to be a less restricted process than with a consonantal suffix.
readmore
Many suffixes have schwa as their vowel. The schwa suffixes are divided here into two classes, viz. those beginning with a coronal and those beginning with a non-coronal consonant.
1
| Examples of complex words derived with a coronal-initial schwa-suffix | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | -er | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - The comparative of adjectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| djoerder | /djuər+ər/ | [djuədr̩] | more expensive | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| goarder | /ɡoər+ər/ | [ɡoədr̩] | more filthy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| toarder | /twar+ər/ | [twadr̩] | more withered | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| helderder | /hɛldər+ər/ | [hɛldr̩dər] | clearer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Subject nouns from verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ballonfarder | - | /far+ər/ | - | [fadr̩] | balloonist | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fluorder | /flwor+ər/ | [flwodr̩] | paviour | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Inhabitant names and relational adjectives from place names | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Langwarder | - | /var+ər/ | - | [vadr̩] | inhabitant of, related to Langwar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Sumarder | - | /mar+ər/ | - | [madr̩] | inhabitant of, related to Sumar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: Though this suffix begins with a vowel, it must be mentioned here. See /d/-insertion in the sequences /nər/, /lər/, and /rər/) for the process of /d/-insertion between stem-final /r/ and /ər/ and the subsequent deletion of /r/ before (inserted) /d/.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: A syllabic (sonorant) consonant does not delete (see the phonological behaviour of syllabic sonorant consonants), as illustrated by the comparative helderder /hɛldər+ər/ [hɛldr̩dər] clearer.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | -de-den | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - The past tense (plural and singular) of verbs of the first weak class | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hy bearde | /bɪər+də/ | [bɪədə] | dat er it net wist | he feigned that he didn't know | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| se bearden | /bɪər+dən/ | [bɪədn̩] | dat se it net wisten | they feigned that they didn't know | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hy warde | /var+də/ | [vadə] | him flink | he really has exerted himself | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| se warden | /var+dən/ | [vadn̩] | har flink | they really have exerted themselves | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| c. | -lik | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Adjectives derived from nouns, verbs, and adverbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bestjoerlik | /bəstjuər+lək/ | [bəstjuə(r)lək] | managerial | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dierlik | /diər+lək/ | [diə(r)lək] | animal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| earlik | /ɪər+lək/ | [ɪə(r)lək] | honest; sincerely | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| foarlik | /foər+lək/ | [foələk] | or | /fwar+lək/ | [fwalək] | precocious; early-ripening | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gefaarlik | /ɡəfa:r+lək/ | [ɡəfa:(r)lək] | dangerous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hearlik | /hɪər+lək/ | [hɪə(r)lək] | delightful, lovely | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| natuerlik | /natyər+lək/ | [natyə(r)lək] | natural | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stjerlik | /stjɛr+lək/ | [stjɛrlək] | or | /stjɛ:r+lək/ | [stjɛ:lək] | mortal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: In case these words receive extra prominence, as in it iten wie HEARLIK it was a DELICIOUS meal, /r/ is always realized. This also holds for dierlik animal, when used in a non-literal and non-neutral sense, as in hy joech him oer oan in dierlik libben he then led a bestial, brutish life, in dierlik geraas horrible shouting, yelling and hy sûpt dierlik he boozes it up.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: When preceded by schwa, stem-final /-r/ is always realized, either as a plain [r], together with schwa, or as a syllabic [r̩], in which case schwa is not realized. The following examples illustrate this pattern: dichterlik /dɪxtər+lək/ [dɪxt{ər/r̩}lək] poetic(al), efterlik /ɛftər+lək/ [ɛft{ər/r̩}lək] backward; retarded, letterlik /lɛtər+lək/ [lɛt{ər/r̩}lək] literal; literally and ridderlik /rɪdər+lək/ [rɪd{ər/r̩}lək] chivalrous(ly)] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| d. | -liks | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Adjectives derived from nouns (one instance) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| jierliks | /jɪr+ləks/ | [jɪləks] | annual, yearly | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| e. | -ling | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns derived from verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bekearling | /bəkɪər+lɪŋ/ | [bəkɪə(r)lɪŋ] | convert, proselyte | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hierling | /hiər+lɪŋ/ | [hiə(r)lɪŋ] | hireling | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stjerling | /stjɛr+lɪŋ/ | [stjɛrlɪŋ] | or | /stjɛ:r+lɪŋ/ | [stjɛ:lɪŋ] | mortal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| f. | -sel | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns derived from verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| siersel | /siər+səl/ | [siə(r)səl] | ornamentation | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kleursel | /kløər+səl/ | [kløə(r)səl] | colouring | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| smarsel | /smar+səl/ | [smarsəl] | ointment | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| g. | -ske | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns denoting a female derived from nouns denoting the male counterpart | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| pastoarske | /pastoər+skə/ | [pastoə(r)skə] | the minister's wife; woman minister | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| skroarske | /skroər+skə/ | [skroə(r)skə] | seamstress; tailor's wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| masterske | /mastər+skə/ | [mast{ə(r)/r̩}skə] | the schoolmaster's wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| skipperske | /skɪpər+skə/ | [skɪp{ə(r)/r̩}skə] | the skipper's wife | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| h. | -ster | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns denoting a female derived from nouns denoting the male counterpart | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| kreamwarster | - | /var+stər/ | - | [vastr̩] | (dry) nurse | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| koerierster | /kuriər+stər/ | [kuriə(r)str̩] | woman courier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns denoting the (male and female) inhabitant of a place or a location derived from the place name in question or from the noun denoting the location concerned | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| buorster | /bwor+stər/ | [bwostr̩] | one who lives in the village centre (de buorren) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Froubuorster | /bwor+stər/ | - | [bwostr̩] | inhabitant of Froubuorren | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poppenwierster | - | /viər+stər/ | - | [viə(r)str̩] | inhabitant of Poppenwier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wierster | /viər+stər/ | [viə(r)str̩] | inhabitant of Wier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Adjectives relating to a place or a loccation derived from the place name in question or from the noun denoting the location concerned | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| buorster | /bwor+stər/ | [bwostr̩] | related to the village centre (de buorren) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Froubuorster- | /bwor+stər/ | - | [bwostr̩] | related to Froubuorren | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Poppenwierster | - | /viər+stər/ | - | [viə(r)str̩] | related to Poppenwier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Wierster | /viər+stər/ | [viə(r)str̩] | related to Wier | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: The above pattern is deviant in as far as /r/ is not realized following a short vowel (kreamwarster, buorster, Froubuorster), whereas it is optional following a (long) centring diphthong (koerierster, Poppenwierster, Wierster). In general, this is just the other way around, as with stjerlik /stjɛr+lək/ mortal and stjerling /stjɛr+lɪŋ/ mortal, realized as either [stjɛrlək] [stjɛrlɪŋ] (with [r] following a short vowel) or [stjɛ:lək] [stjɛ:lɪŋ] (without [r] following a long vowel).] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| i. | -sum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| duorsum | /dwor+səm/ | [dworsm̩] | durable; enduring | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| learsum | /lɪər+səm/ | [lɪə(r)sm̩] | instructive, informative | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| manearsum | /manɪər+səm/ | [manɪə(r)sm̩] | obedient, tractable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sparsum | /spar+səm// | [sparsm̩] | thrifty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stjoersum | /stjuər+səm/ | [stjuə(r)sm̩] | amenable (to reason) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| j. | -te | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns derived from adjectives, nouns, and verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| dierte | /diər+tə/ | [diətə] | animals, beasts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| djoerte | /djuər+tə/ | [djuətə] | expensiveness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fierte | /fjɪr+tə/ | [fjɪtə] | distance | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gefaarte | /ɡəfa:r+tə/ | [ɡəfa:tə] | monster, colossus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| stjerte | /stjɛ(:)r+tə/ | [stjɛ(:)tə] | mortality | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| swierte | /swɪr+tə/ | [swɪtə] | heaviness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tsjusterte | /tsjøstər+tə/ | [tsjøstr̩tə] | darkness | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: Underlying /r/ is never realized here. The only exception is tsjusterte, where it surfaces as syllabic [r̩]. The non-realization of /r/ in tsjusterte would result in [tsjøstətə]; due to the double [tə]-sequence; this is a less favoured form.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2
| Examples of complex words derived with a non-coronal-initial schwa-suffix | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a. | -ber | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Adjectives derived from verbs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hantearber | /hɔntɪər+bər/ | [hɔntɪə(r)br̩] | manageable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnbestjoerber | /unbəstjuər+bər/ | [umbəstjuə(r)br̩] | uncontrollable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnfersteurber | /unfərstøər+bər/ | [ũfəstøə(r)br̩] | imperturbable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ûnbefarber | /unbəfar+bər/ | [umbəfarbr̩] | unnavigable | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| hearber | /hɪər+bər/ | [hɪə(r)br̩] | or | /jɛr+bər/ | [jɛrbr̩] | audible | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| warber | /var+bər/ | [varbr̩] | diligent; busy | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| b. | -ke | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Diminutives derived from nouns | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bearke | /bɪər+kə/ | [bɪərkə] | little bear | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| bierke | /biər+kə/ | [biərkə] | pint of beer | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| doarke | /dwar+kə/ | [dwarkə] | small door | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| fearke | /fjɛr+kə/ | [fjɛrkə] | small feather | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| karke | /karə+kə/ | [karkə] | wheelchair | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| papierke | /papiər+kə/ | [papiərkə] | piece of paper | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| sigaarke | /siɡa:r+kə/ | [siɡa:rkə] | little cigar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| tuorke | /twor+kə/ | [tworkə] | small tower | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [Note: It is only following a long vocalic sequence that /r/ may delete here, as in bearke [bɪəkə] little bear and papierke [papiəkə] piece of paper. Deletion, however is far from common and the resulting forms sound (somewhat) strange.] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| c. | -kert | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| - Nouns derived from verbs and adjectives | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| gluorkert | /glwor+kərt/ | [glworkət] | live coal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| skierkert | /skiər+kərt/ | [skiərkət] | greybeard | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The pattern of /r/-deletion which emerges from the above overview resembles the one found for complex words derived with a consonantal suffix in as far as there is more deletion preceding a coronal than a non-coronal consonant. Deletion, however, is not impossible with non-coronal consonants. This means that the process is less restricted here, which seems to go hand in hand with a wider domain of application.
Lacking a vowel, consonantal suffixes must form one (phonological) word with the stem they attach to. A schwa suffix cannot stand on its own, hence it is 'cohering' by its very nature. Schwa, however, does form the core of a syllable, which implies a certain degree of phonological independence. As to /r/-deletion, then, there appears to be a difference between mono and polysyllabic words: it is more restricted in the former context than in the latter. In monosyllabic words the process is categorical: obligatory with coronal and non-applicable with non-coronal consonants. In polysyllabic words, on the other hand, there is a good deal of variation.
For the greater part, this variability can be atrributed to independent factors. The fact that deletion is more variable following a long vocalic sequence than following a short one can be ascribed to restrictions on the size of the syllable rhyme. According to the Rhyme Constraint, the rhyme of a word-internal syllable must occupy two structural phonological positions. A stem-final /r/ following a long vowel therefore can freely delete, but deletion results in a one-positional rhyme in case the vowel is short, so that the Rhyme Constraint is no longer obeyed.
However, it may also be the case that a suffix induces /r/-deletion, irrespective of vowel quantity, as with -te.
Finally, though this has never been investigated, performance factors like speech rate and careful or careless articulation are likely to have an influence on /r/-deletion in actual speech.
References
Jump to:
X